Impact d’une prise en charge basée sur les scénarios sociaux sur les comportements-problèmes d’un enfant ayant un trouble du spectre autistique

Psychologie clinique du développement. Evolution, involution - handicapLe trouble du spectre autistique est un trouble du développement marqué par un déficit de la communication et des interactions sociales, ainsi que par des comportements répétitifs et des intérêts restreints. Les comportements autistiques peuvent être expliqués par des déficits au niveau de la théorie de l’esprit, de la cohérence centrale et des fonctions exécutives. La méthode des scénarios sociaux a été développée afin d’aider les personnes autistes à comprendre certaines situations sociales et de les guider dans leur comportement. Un scénario social est une histoire courte, écrite dans la perspective de l’individu, qui délivre les instructions d’un comportement approprié. Ce support peut aider la personne autiste à se représenter en quoi un comportement a un impact sur les émotions et les comportements des autres. Cet outil a été utilisé dans le cadre d’une prise en charge d’un enfant ayant un trouble du spectre autistique à l’IME Cottolengo. Ce garçon présentait plusieurs troubles du comportement comme des fugues et de l’agressivité envers autrui. Ce support lui a permis de mieux comprendre les conséquences de son comportement et d’être guidé dans des comportements plus adaptés. L’évaluation concernant ses comportements-problèmes et sa perception sociale a mis en évidence une évolution positive. L’ensemble des troubles du comportement a diminué et une amélioration au niveau de l’expression des émotions et de la prise en compte de l’autre a également été relevée. Les scénarios sociaux lui ont également permis d’exprimer son ressenti concernant son vécu à l’IME

Additional file 4: Figure S3. of Ultrastructure and localization of Neorickettsia in adult digenean trematodes provides novel insights into helminth-endobacteria interaction

TEM of HPF/FS fixed P. elegans. a Overview of a cross-section of the tegument showing a lose cluster of endobacteria (arrows) in one area, but no endobacteria in other areas. b Large endobacteria (arrows) are localized in the wall of the gut, while endobacteria are mostly absent in adjacent tissues. Note the cluster of small structures (boxed area) in the parenchyma. c Magnification of boxed area from b shows a few small endobacteria (arrows) with typical membrane structures among electron dense structures without pronounced membranes. Abbreviations: m, mitochondrion; sgc, shell globule cluster. Scale-bars: a, b, 5 μm; c 200 nm. (TIF 6120 kb

<i>Wolbachia</i> organelles in the lateral chord of 5 weeks (D,E) and 12 weeks (A,B,C) old female <i>B. malayi</i>.

<p><b>Panel A</b> Overview of the hypodermal chord showing few <i>Wolbachia</i> in the central region sometimes in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus. <b>B</b> Two <i>Wolbachia</i> in close contact to Golgi between them an accumulation of vesicles (arrowhead). <b>C</b> In close proximity to Golgi potentially dividing <i>Wolbachia</i> with vesicles (arrowheads within the endosomal membrane. Asterisk indicates an artifact. <b>D </b><i>Wolbachia</i> surrounded by multiple membranes in close proximity to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. <b>E </b><i>Wolbachia</i> inside a phagolysosome. Cu, cuticle; m, mitochondrion; Go, Golgi; g, glycogen; W, <i>Wolbachia</i>; ax, axons;ER, endoplasmic reticulum. Scale bar corresponds to 500 nm.</p

Pleomorphy of <i>Wolbachia</i> in female <i>B. malayi</i>.

<p><b>Panel A</b> Large bacillary <i>Wolbachia</i> in the lateral chord of a 3 week old fourth stage larva. The arrow points to a small nucleoid. <b>B</b> Cross-section of the midbody region of a 5 week old immature female. A large vacuole containing a cluster of <i>Wolbachia</i> (arrow) is seen at the inner part of the lateral chord. <b>C</b> shows a higher power view of B with ‘inclusion-like’ vacuole containing three <i>Wolbachia</i>. Note the varying density of the cytoplasm in the bacteria. The arrow head indicates the common vacuole membrane. <b>D </b><i>Wolbachia</i> with a large and prominent nucleoid (arrow) in the lateral chord of a 6 week old immature female. <b>E</b> Large coccoid <i>Wolbachia</i> in the lateral chord of a 12 week old (mature) female. <b>F</b> Coccoid, electron dense <i>Wolbachia</i> in morula stage embryo within the uterus of a 12 week old female. Note the large nucleoid (arrow) and the expanded space between the membranes. Arrowheads indicate membranes. <b>G</b> The three membranes surrounding <i>Wolbachia</i> in the morula stage embryo within a 12 week old female. Note the symmetrical inner and outer leaflets (arrowheads) of the cytoplasmic inner membrane (im), the outer membrane (om) and the vacuole membrane (vm). Ov, ovary; nu, nucleus; ax, axons. Scale bar corresponds to 100 nm (A–F) or 25 nm (G).</p

Ultrastructural characteristics of predominant <i>Wolbachia</i> forms of <i>B. malayi</i> found in the examined parasite material.

<p>Ultrastructural characteristics of predominant <i>Wolbachia</i> forms of <i>B. malayi</i> found in the examined parasite material.</p

Formation and release of vesicles by <i>Wolbachia</i> in morula stage embryos in the uterus of a 12 week old female <i>B. malayi</i>.

<p><b>Panel A</b> Overview of morula cells showing three electron dense <i>Wolbachia. </i><b>B</b> Two <i>Wolbachia</i> surrounded by a common vacuole membrane. Note the nucleoid (white arrow) and the vesicles within the vacuole (black arrow). <b>C</b> Higher powered view of panel A with a coccoid <i>Wolbachia</i> with 2 large vesicles (arrows) within the same vacuole membrane. <b>D </b><i>Wolbachia</i> with an attached large vesicle (arrow) with a double membrane. <b>E </b><i>Wolbachia</i> next to several large vesicles (black arrow). Note the nucleoid (white arrow). <b>F</b> Overview of several <i>Wolbachia</i> (W) and <i>Wolbachia</i>-derived vesicles (arrows). Note the variable electron density of <i>Wolbachia.</i> Arrowheads indicate membranes. W, <i>Wolbachia</i>; nu, nucleus. Scale bar corresponds to 2 µm (<b>A</b>) or 100 nm (<b>B–F</b>).</p

Comparison of chemical fixation and HPF/FS fixation of 5 week old female <i>B. malayi</i>.

<p><b>Panel A </b><i>Wolbachia</i> in the lateral chord of a chemically fixed sample. <b>B</b> The same region as in A in a specimen fixed by HPF/FS. Note the improved preservation of membranes (arrowheads) and subcellular structures. <b>C</b> Cluster of <i>Wolbachia</i> within the lateral chord of a chemically fixed specimen. <b>D</b> Similar cluster as in C in a HPF/FS fixed specimen. Note the pleomorphy of the endobacteria (e.g. small electron dense bacteria with large nucleoid, arrow, next to large bacteria) and the small vesicles in the same area (arrowheads). W, <i>Wolbachia</i>; rER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; g, glycogen. Scale bar corresponds to 500 nm.</p

<i>Wolbachia</i> in the lateral chord and the pseudocoelomic cavity of a 6 weeks old female <i>B. malayi</i>.

<p><b>Panel A</b> Overview of the lateral chord and one uterus branch at the distal part of the worm showing numerous <i>Wolbachia</i> in the lateral chord and few extracellular <i>Wolbachia</i> (arrowheads) in the pseudocoelomatic cavity. Note the two large dividing endobacteria (arrow). <b>B</b> Close-up of the two extracellular <i>Wolbachia</i> from panel A showing only one thick cell envelope (arrowheads). <b>C</b> Another part of the lateral chord showing <i>Wolbachia</i> and numerous single and double membrane vesicles (arrows). W, <i>Wolbachia</i>; g, glycogen; ps, pseudocoelom; m, mitochondrion, lc, lateral, chord; in, intestine. Scale bar corresponds to 500 nm.</p

Immunogold-labeling of <i>Wolbachia</i> and their vesicles in the lateral chord and embryos of a 12 weeks old female <i>B. malayi</i> using mab WSP-1.

<p><b>Panel A</b> Labeled <i>Wolbachia</i> (arrows) next to multiple labeled membrane vesicles (arrowheads) in an embryo. <b>B</b> Large vesicle (arrow) with an accumulation of many small labeled vesicles (arrowheads). <b>C</b> Higher powered view of a vesicle-containing body, showing many small circular membrane structures (arrowheads) surrounded by an outer membrane (arrow). <b>D</b> Three <i>Wolbachia</i> (arrows) in the vicinity of WSP<i>-</i>1 positive vesicles (arrowheads). <b>E </b><i>Wolbachia</i> with gold particles labeling the outer membrane (arrow) and vesicles (arrowhead). <b>F</b> Gold particles labeling a large <i>Wolbachia</i>-derived vesicle and adjacent membrane fragments (arrowheads). <b>G</b> Higher power view of one <i>Wolbachia</i> indicating labeling of the inner <i>Wolbachia</i> membrane (arrow) and outer membrane vesicles (arrowhead). Scale bar corresponds to 100 nm.</p

<i>Wolbachia</i> in the distal part of the lateral chord of a female 12 weeks old <i>B. malayi</i>.

<p><b>Panel A</b> Sagittal section showing numerous single and clustered <i>Wolbachia</i> (arrows). While <i>Wolbachia</i> were abundant in the posterior quarter of the female’s lateral chord (paralleling the ovaries, oviducts and the uteri containing early stage embryos) only a few single endobacteria were seen in the lateral chord at the anterior end of the worm. <b>B</b> Higher power view of panel A showing small vesicles, single <i>Wolbachia</i>, and small ‘inclusion-like’ <i>Wolbachia</i> clusters that appear to be enclosed by a common membrane (arrowheads). W, <i>Wolbachia</i>; Cu, cuticle, m, mitochondrion; mu, muscles; bl, basal lamina; ut, uterus; g, glycogen. Scale bar corresponds to 1 µm.</p