Effect of ethanol addition on growth of <i>S. cerevisiae</i> strain FY834

<p>Average of SGR±standard deviation of three independent experiments in each culture condition is shown.</p

Specific growth rates of ethanol-adapted yeast strain series during stepwise increase in ethanol concentration with repetitive cultivation

<p>Average of SGR±standard deviation of four ethanol-adapted strain series in each culture condition is shown.</p

Growth characteristics of FY834 under high ethanol concentrations.

<p>(A) Growth characteristics of FY834 in repetitive cultivations at high ethanol concentrations. FY834 was inoculated into medium containing 2.5, 5, 6.5, 8, 9 or 10% ethanol, respectively, and then the growth of each culture was monitored, measuring OD₆₆₀. In each culture, the culture broth was transferred to fresh medium containing the same ethanol concentration and then the growth was observed. The timing of the transfer to fresh medium is shown by the dotted lines. (B) Growth characteristics during subjection of FY834 to stepwise increase in ethanol concentration with repetitive cultivations. The method used for subjecting the yeast cells to a stepwise increase in ethanol concentration is described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002623#s3" target="_blank">Materials and methods</a>. The timing of the transfer of culture to fresh medium is shown by the dotted lines. In the experiment shown in this figure, we obtained an ethanol-adapted strain series A2.</p

Comparison of fatty acid compositions of yeast cell membrane among four adapted strains.

<p>Ethanol-adapted strain series were cultivated in YPD medium in the presence of 10% ethanol and the fatty acid composition of each strain was determined. Fatty acid compositions of FY834 strain cultured in the presence and absence of ethanol were also measured. Data represented the average values of three independent experiments with standard deviations.</p

Physical activity and bone : the importance of the various mechanical stimuli for bone mineral density : a review

Numerous studies have reported benefits of regular physical activity on bone mineral density (BMD). The effects of physical activity on BMD are primarily linked to the mechanisms of mechanical loading, but the understanding of the precise mechanism behind the association is incomplete. The aim of this paper was to review the main findings concerning sources and types of mechanical stimuli in relation to BMD. Mechanical forces that act on bone are generated from impact with the ground (ground-reaction forces) and from skeletal muscle contractions (muscle forces or muscle-joint forces), but the relative importance of these two sources has not been elucidated. Both muscle-joint forces and gravitational forces seem to be able to induce bone adaptation independently, and there may be differences in the importance of loading sources at different skeletal sites. The nature of the stimuli is affected by the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of the activity. The activity should be dynamic, not static, and the magnitude and rate of the stimuli should be high. In accordance with this, cross-sectional studies report highest BMD in athletes of high-impact activities such as dancing, soccer, volleyball, basketball, squash, speed skating, gymnastics, hockey, and step-aerobics. Endurance activities such as orienteering, skiing, and triathlon seem to be beneficial to a lesser degree, whereas low-impact activities such as swimming and cycling are associated with lower BMD than controls. Both the intensity and frequency of the activity should be varied and increased beyond the habitual level. Duration of the activity seems to be less important, and a few loading cycles seem to be sufficient

Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of by metabolic flux analysis-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of by metabolic flux analysis"</p><p>http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/6/1/19</p><p>Microbial Cell Factories 2007;6():19-19.</p><p>Published online 23 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1919393.</p><p></p>s in the growth and production phases, where glutamate fluxes were 20 and 68, respectively. In this study, the fluxes with backward (exchange) reactions, i.e., those in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the latter steps of the TCA cycle (succinate → oxaloacetate), and C1 metabolisms, are shown as net values [22]. Abbreviations: Gly, glycine; Ser, serine; Glu, glutamate; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; FBP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr, pyruvate; Ru5P, ribulose-5-phosphate; R5P, ribose-5-phosphate; Xu5P, xylulose-5-phosphate; S7P, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate; E4P, erythrose-4-phosphate; AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; IsoCit, isocitrate; αKG, 2-oxoglutarate; Suc, succinate; Fum, fumarate; Mal, malate; Oxa, oxaloacetate