Evaluation of shear bond strength of various orthodontic brackets bonded to bovine enamel with use of Grengloo adhesive. An in vitro study

Introduction. Durability of the bond strength between the orthodontic bracket and the enamel is crucial to perform successful treatment with fixed appliance. Contemporary, apart from wide-spread and well-known metallic brackets, ceramic brackets become more popular in orthodontic practice. Aim of the study. The purpose of the current study was to calculate shear bond strength of metal, polycrystalline and monocrystalline orthodontic brackets bonded to bovine enamel with composite resin. Material and methods. Sixty bovine incisors with intact buccal surfaces were used in this study. The teeth were randomly divided into three equal groups. In group 1 stainless steel Victory Series (3M Unitek) brackets were bonded to the enamel. In group 2 polycrystalline Clarity (3M Unitek) brackets were used and in group 3 monocrystalline Radiance (American Orthodontics) brackets were used. Shear bond test was performed 24 hours after polymerization of Grengloo (Ormco) orthodontic adhesive. Results. The highest shear bond strength was found in Victory Series group (mean 10.65 MPa ± 5.2), followed by Clarity group (mean 9.15 MPa ± 1.91) and Radiance group (mean 6.65 MPa ± 1.71). Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher shear bond strength of Victory Series brackets and Clarity brackets in comparison with Radiance brackets. The difference between Victory Series brackets and Clarity brackets was not significant

The etiology of open bite

Open bite is a malocclusion in which there is no contact between upper and lower anterior or posterior teeth or between all the teeth at the same time. The complexity of this malocclusion is caused by a combination of skeletal, dentoalveolar and functional factors. The aim of this study was to review both Polish and international literature concerning the above mentioned factors. The etiology of open bite is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Usually permanent habits such as thumb and dummy sucking and nose obturation have an unfavourable influence on the development of the dentoalveolar complex and disturb physiological tooth eruption. Some important factors of skeletal open bite malocclusions are a genetic component, traumas, condylar degeneration and masticatory muscle malfunctions. Accurate diagnosis of the causes of open bite is a very important criterion in the correct planning and choice of treatment

Orthodontic and orthodontic-surgical management of impacted canines – a literature review

The phenomenon of impacted canines is observed in about 0.8–4.9% of patients treated orthodontically. In 85% of cases it is observed unilaterally. Besides the third molars, canines are the largest group of impacted teeth. The impacted tooth diagnosis includes clinical and radiological examination. In this particular case, the screening test is a pantomographic X-ray. The full picture of the location of an impacted tooth and adjacent structures can be obtained only through the use of computed tomography. Only a full diagnosis allows a decision to be made as to the treatment of impacted canines and permits an evaluation of the possibility of treatment success. In the case of impacted teeth, the procedures may be varied. Mostly, the tooth is either left in the bone or tracked orthodontically. Rarely is it extracted. In some cases, the surgical procedure includes the autotransplantation of the impacted tooth

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain

Occlusal Disorders among Patients with Total Clefts of Lip, Alveolar Bone, and Palate

Clefts are common birth defects. They are accompanied by various malformations, including disturbances in facial look as well as skeletal disorders that include malocclusions, most frequently crossbites and class III anomalies. The aim of the study was to present the commonest malocclusions in patients with total cleft of the lip, alveolar bone and palate (n=154) and compare the results to the healthy on-cleft patients (n=151). Normal occlusion, characteristic for I angle class, was observed in 50% of the control group and 30% of the examined. In the examined patients with clefts, most frequently crossbite and open bite on the cleft side was observed. In patients with clefts, only 2 out of 154 patients presented isolated dental anomalies. In healthy individuals the commonest occlusal disorder was distal occlusion and dental anomalies. The commonest malocclusions among patients with clefts are crossbites and class III malocclusions

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Analysis of Skeletal and Dental Effects in Patients Undergoing Transpalatal Distraction

The present study aimed to assess dental and skeletal effects after transpalatal distraction using 3D cephalometry methodology. The study group comprised 34 patients (mean age 27.7 years) who were diagnosed with transverse skeletal maxillary deficiency of at least 7 mm. Computed tomography scans were obtained before surgical procedure (T1), after completion of expansion (T2) and at 6-month follow-up (T3). Computed tomography scans were imported into Dolphin Imaging software version 11.7 (Chatsworth, CA, USA). Three-dimensional skull models were oriented according to the Frankfurt horizontal plane, midsagittal plane (passing through the skeletal nasion) and frontal plane (passing through the right and left porion). Cephalometric landmarks related to skeletal, and dental structures were traced and linear and angular measurements were calculated. Following transpalatal distraction N-ANS and S-PNS distances increased by 1.27 mm and 0.54 mm, respectively. Skeletal expansion at the canine region (ARCR-ARCL) was 8.43 mm at T2 and 6.39 mm at T3. Expansion at the distal part of the maxilla (ARMR-ARML) was 5.95 mm at T2 and 4.81 mm after retention. The highest increase in maxillary arch width at T2 was observed at canines (8.74 mm), lower at premolars (8.33 mm) and the lowest at molars (6.76 mm). There is no anteroposterior movement of maxilla following transpalatal distraction; however, the maxilla shifts downward which is particularly marked anteriorly. Skeletal and dental expansion in the transversal plane occurs in a V-shaped manner, with more expansion at the anterior part of the maxilla

The Practitioner’s Eye: The Ricketts Technique Elements in Non-Extraction Treatment Camouflaging Skeletal Class III with Bite Asymmetry—A Case Series Presentation

The study presents four cases of camouflage treatment of skeletal Class III with occlusal asymmetry in adult patients. Cephalometric analysis was performed using two different reference lines, S-N and FH. The treatment was carried out without the use of additional fixed appliances, no extraoral elastics for maxillary protection, and no extraction of teeth in the mandible. In addition to the characteristic elements and archwires taken from the Ricketts technique, NiTi, TMA, Wilcock archwires, Class III asymmetric intraoral elastic and criss-cross as well as individualized biomechanical systems were used. It has been proven that mild and moderate skeletal Class III with occlusal asymmetry can be treated with orthodontic camouflage, without additional fixed appliances for expansion or protraction of the maxilla. Moreover, it has been shown that it is possible to effectively treat this defect without extracting the teeth in the mand

Genetic Factors That Affect Asymmetric Mandibular Growth—A Systematic Review

Facial asymmetry is a feature that occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the general population. As its severity is usually slight, facial asymmetry may not be noticeable to the patient. However, there are cases when severe facial asymmetry not only affects the facial aesthetics by distorting facial proportions, but also contributes to problems related to the function of the stomatognathic system. The nodal signalling pathway appears to be of particular importance in the process of mandibular asymmetry, as it affects not only structures formed from the first pharyngeal arch, but also other organs, such as the heart and lungs. Following the evaluation of the available literature, the inheritance of mandibular asymmetry is a very complex and multifactorial process, and the genes whose altered expression appears to be a more important potential aetiological factor for asymmetry include PITX2, ACTN3, ENPP1 and ESR1. This systematic review attempts to systematise the available literature concerning the impact of signalling pathway disruption, including the disruption of the nodal signalling pathway, on the development of mandibular asymmetry