DETERMINATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRANSPORT IN THE CITY CENTER OF IZMIR

Son yıllarda araç sayısındaki artışa bağlı olarak, İzmir kent merkezinde trafikten kaynaklanan hava kirletici emisyonları, kentin hava kalitesini etkilemeye başlamıştır. Bu nedenle, kentteki trafik kaynaklı emisyonların dağılımlarının ve miktarlarının belirlenmesi gerekli bir hal almıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, İzmir kent merkezindeki önemli caddelerdeki araç sayılarını tespit etmek ve emisyon faktörlerini kullanarak caddelerde hareket halindeki motorlu taşıtlardan kaynaklanan kirletici emisyon miktarlarını belirlemektir. Çalışmada, 2007 yılı İzmir kent merkezindeki trafikten atmosfere verilen emisyon miktarları CO için 5607 ton, NOX için 2502 ton, NMVOC için 772 ton, SO2 için 340 ton ve PM10 için 104 ton olarak hesaplanmıştır. CO, NOX ve NMVOC emisyonlarının yarısından fazlası otomobillerden kaynaklanırken, otobüs+ kamyon kategorisi tek başına SO2 emisyonlarının %80'nine neden olmaktadır. Minibüs+kamyonet kategorisi ve Motorsikletler PM10 emisyonlarının önemli bir kaynağıdır. Bunun yanı sıra, hesaplanan emisyonlar CALPUFF dağılım modeli yardımıyla kent merkezindeki hava kalitesi seviyelerini belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Modelleme sonuçlarına göre, en kötü meteorolojik şartlar için maksimum saatlik konsantrasyonlar CO için 400 µg/m3, NOX için 222 µg/m3, NMVOC için 60 µg/m3, SO2 için 40 µg/m3 ve PM10 için 12 µg/m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır.In recent years, emissions from mobile sources have become more important for urban air quality in Izmir due to the increase of vehicle numbers in the city. So, it has become important to estimate the emissions and their geographical distribution. The main purpose of this paper is to present the traffic emissions calculated by using emission factors from literature and vehicle activity data from vehicle counting campaigns in the main streets of the city. The results showed that the total emissions of CO, NOX, NMVOC, SO2 and PM10 from vehicles in Izmir city center for the year 2007 were 5607 t, 2502 t, 772 t, 340 t and 104 t, respectively. When the passenger cars contributed over half of CO, NOX and NMVOC, the heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses were responsible for 80% of SO2 emissions. Light-duty vehicles and motorcycles are the main source of PM10 emissions. Besides, the emissions estimated were used to simulate the air quality level in city center by CALPUFF model. Accordingly, the maximum hourly concentrations estimated in city were 400 µg/m3 for CO, 222 µg/m3 for NOX, 60 µg/m3 for NMVOC, 40 µg/m3 for SO2 and 12 µg/m3 for PM10 during the worst meteorological conditions

Assessment of sources and pollution state of trace and toxic elements in street dust in a metropolitan city

Street dust and urban soil samples are significant part of environmental compartments to evaluate the contamination levels in urban and industrial zones. This study was carried out to ascertain the concentrations of trace and toxic elements in Izmir street dusts collected from 20 different sites dominating by industrial (four sites), residential (seven sites) and traffic (nine sites) areas, and also to figure out the exposure of adults and children to the elemental toxicity in dust. In order to measure the total and soluble concentrations of elements, the dust samples were analyzed with ICP-MS methodology. The results indicated that concentrations of anthropogenic-based elements are homogenously spread out in whole Izmir city in a similar way to crustal-based elements. This indicates that traffic and residential heating were dominant pollutant sources throughout the city dusts. The health risk assessment showed that elemental non-carcinogenic risks are lower than limit value. However, the cancer risks exceed the acceptable level for As and Cr. According to source apportionment analysis, seven factors were defined for trace elements for all site data

Assessment of seasonal and spatial variations of physicochemical parameters and trace elements along a heavily polluted effluent-dominated stream

This study focuses on a heavily polluted effluent-dominated stream that passes through an industrialized region near Izmir, Turkey. The intermittent creek receives domestic and industrial discharges of Kemalpasa District Center and its neighborhoods and more than 180 factories of the organized industrial zone. A monitoring campaign was conducted on the creek and samples were taken in two different seasons with distinct hydrological characteristics from 20 stations along the creek to quantify the quality status of water and sediment columns. A number of physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and trace elements were measured by field and laboratory techniques to assess the status of creek's water and sediment quality. The spatial and temporal variations were determined, and statistical tools were used to conduct an environmental forensic overview along the creek. A geo-accumulation index and a modified heavy metal pollution index were calculated to cumulatively assess the quality of sediment and water columns, respectively. The results revealed that the creek was under significant pollution load from the industrial zone where metal processing, food and beverage production, marble and natural stone manufacturing, and paper production are made. In particular, elements such as Co, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Zr were found to be above the surface water quality standard values. Similarly, B, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Sn were determined to be in extreme levels in the sediment column with values exceeding the probable effect concentrations