Host-Pathogen and Pest Interactions: Virus, Nematode, Viroid, Bacteria, and Pests in Tomato Cultivation

Several pathogens and pests damage tomato plants, and only one and/or more pathogens and pests can coexist in the same plant at the same time. As several numerous pathogens are found in the same plant, the damage to the tomato plants is higher. Pathogens such as nematodes, viruses, viroids, bacteria, and insects adversely affect the growth and development of tomato plants. They may infect roots or upper part of the plant and can cause not only slow down the growth of plants, but also crop losses and their death. Damaging of plant caused by pathogens and pests reduces the market value of plant products. Those pathogens and pests are also called biotic stress agents. The damage, mode of infection, and the mechanism of infection in each tomato plant and pathogens might be different. This situation is crucially important to understand plant pathogen relationship in detail in terms of controlling pests and pathogen. The effect of each pest/pathogen on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions will be discussed in this chapter

The Perspective Of Pregnant Women On Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Before Pandemics

Objective: After pregnant women were detected to have serious complications when infected with pandemic A (H1N1) virus in 2009, priority of their vaccination was accepted. Our study was planned to estimate the perspective of pregnant women on pandemic influenza vaccine in Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Obstetrics Unit in October 2009, just before pandemic influenza vaccine is implemented, to evaluate the perception of the vaccine. Material and Methods: Our study was conducted by applying questionnaire to 86 pregnant women admitting to Hacettepe University Medical Faculty Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Obstetrics Unit. Age, trimester of pregnancy, gravida of pregnancy, seasonal influenza vaccine application status and whether the patient found pandemic influenza vaccine necessary were noted after the questionnaire was completed. Results: Pregnant women who filled our questionnaire were between 18 and 39 years of age, 13 of them were in the first trimester, 31 were in the second trimester and 42 were in the third trimester. Out of 86 pregnant women, 66 expressed that they did not find it necessary to have pandemic influenza vaccine. In our study it was found that 23.3% of pregnant women found pandemic influenza vaccine necessary, and although the study population was small, finding the vaccine necessary was not affected from mother's age, trimester of pregnancy or gravida of pregnancy. The only factor demonstrated to affect the acceptance of pandemic influenza vaccine was having been shot for seasonal influenza vaccine. Conclusion: It is very important to inform this group that they have a major risk if they have the disease and to remind and advise them to be vaccinated in routine controls.WoSScopu

183. Candidaemia In Children And Importance Of Central Venous Catheter Removal

Background Candida is the most common cause of invasive fungal infection in healthcare settings and is associated with significant increases in healthcare resource utilization and attributable mortality. Methods This study was conducted in a pediatric tertiary care hospital from Turkey. We conducted a retrospective analysis in children ≤18 years with blood culture-proven candidaemia identified between December 2013 and November 2017. Sociodemographic variables,underlying condition, mortality, additional risk factors, origin of specimens were all recorded. Results A total of 236 episodes of candidaemia were identified over the study period. The median age of the patients was 600 days (4-6482). 106 specimens (44.9%) were cultured from patients under 1 year of age and 15 of 106 specimens were cultured from neonates. The most frequently isolated Candida spp. were C. albicans (42.%), followed by C. parapsilosis (30.5%), C. glabrata (7.6%), C. tropicalis (6.4%), C. krusei (2.5%), C. lusitaine (2.5%), C. dubliniensis (2.1%), C. kefir (0.8%), and C. pelliculosa (0.4%). In 11 of the 236 episodes (4.5%), two Candida spp were cultured at the same time.The most common coinfection was C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. 112 of the 236 episodes (47.5%) was due to central venous catheter-related blood stream infection. 47.5% of these patients were receiving total parenteral nutrition at the time of candidemia. Concomitant coagulase negatif staphylococcus bacteremia was present in 50 of 236 candidemia episodes (21.2%). Of 236 isolates, 74 (31.4%) was cultured from peripheral blood culture only, 95 (40.3%) from central venous catheter only, 67 (28.4%) from both peripheral and central catheter blood culture.Trombocytopenia was noted in 117 episodes (49.6%) and neutropenia in 45 episodes (19.1 Of the 112 central venous catheter-related candidemia, 35 (31.3%) resulted in death within 30 days from the onset of candidaemia (Figure 1). In 49 (45.%) episodes of central venous catheter-related candidemia, catheter was not removed and 40% of these episodes resulted as death.Catheter removal, thrombocytopenia, total parenteral nutrion were found to be associated with increased mortality in children under 1 year of age (P < 0.001). Conclusion Clinicians must be aware of candidemia in children due to high risk of mortality., Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.PubMe

1443. N-Acetyl Cysteine Coadministration In Prevention Of Amphotericin--Induced Electrolytes Imbalances In Children

Background Amphotericin B (AmB) can cause electrolyte abnormalities, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypernatremia, and metabolic acidosis; and most important, acute renal failure. Methods We conducted a randomized prospective cohort study from March 2012 to February 2018 at Hacettepe University Ihsan Doğramacı Children Hospital to children receiving AmB. Results A total of 87 patients including 37 patients with NAC and 50 patients without NAC received liposomal amphotericin B during the study period.Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus were not different statistically in both groups during the study period. Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium values taken on third day of AmB treatment were not statistically different in both groups. Mean serum magnesium value was higher in NAC received group on the seventh day of AmB treatment; 1.97 ± 0.33 and 1.69 ± 0.46, respectively, it was statistically significant (P = 0.025). Mean serum magnesium value was also statistically significantly higher in NAC received group on the 14th day of treatment; 1.93 ± 0.20 and 1.72 ± 0.247, respectively, in both groups (P = 0.01). Mean serum sodium values on the 14th day of AmB treatment were also statistically different between 2 groups; 136.7 ± 3.7 and 140.04 ± 5.1, respectively (P = 0.005). Serum sodium values on the 14th day of AmB treatment was in more normal limits in NAC received group. Serum alanine aminotransferase level was significantly lower in NAC received group (P = 0.02). Serum aspartate aminotransferase level was significantly lower in NAC received group (P = 0.007). Nineteen of 37 (51.4%) patients who received NAC concomitantly with AmB and 44 of 50 patients (88%) who received AmB without NAC supplemented with potassium due to hypokalemia (P < 0.001). Two of NAC received 37 patients (5.4%) and 10 of NAC not received 50 patients (20%) died. Mortality was found 2.3 times more in NAC not-received group. Conclusion Co-treatment with oral NAC once daily in children during AmB treatment course was significantly effective in preventing or ameliorating different features of its nephrotoxicity including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and renal potassium as well as magnesium wasting, , , , Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.PubMe

The Effect of National Pneumococcal Vaccination Program on Incidence of Postmeningitis Sensorineural Hearing Loss And Current Treatment Modalities

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the national pneumococcal vaccination program on postmeningitis sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). MATERIALS and METHODS: Overall, 2751 patients (2615 cochlear implantation and 136 auditory brainstem implantation) who underwent cochlear implantation (CI) and auditory brainstem implantation (ABI) at a tertiary referral hospital otolaryngology clinic were retrospectively analyzed. One hundred sixteen patients with a history of meningitis were included in the study. Patients were evaluated for their age at the time of surgery, gender, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, implant type, sidle, and incidence before and after the vaccination program. RESULTS: When patients with cochlear implants or ABI were examined, the incidence of meningitis-induced hearing loss was 6.2% in the pre-vaccination period and 0.6% in the post-vaccination period. There is a significant difference between them when compared by chi-square test (p<0.001). CONCLUSION:The most important finding of the present study is the dramatic decrease in the number of CI and ABI surgeries performed in patients with SNHL due to meningitis. This shows the effectivity of pneumococcal vaccination in this special group of patients. If total ossification is detected on CT of patients with postmeningitis, ABI should be prefer red to CI.WoSScopu