Preschool Children’s Behavioral Tendency toward Social Indirect Reciprocity

<div><p>Social indirect reciprocity seems to be crucial in enabling large-scale cooperative networks among genetically unrelated individuals in humans. However, there are relatively few studies on social indirect reciprocity in children compared to adults. Investigating whether young children have a behavioral tendency toward social indirect reciprocity will help us understand how and when the fundamental ability to form cooperative relationships among adults is acquired. Using naturalistic observation at a nursery school, this study examined whether 5- to 6-year-olds show a behavioral tendency to engage in social indirect reciprocity in response to their peers’ prosocial behavior toward a third party. The results revealed that bystander children tended to display prosocial behavior toward their peers more frequently after observing these peers’ prosocial behavior toward third-party peers, compared with control situations; this suggests that 5- to 6-year-olds may have an essential behavioral tendency to establish social indirect reciprocity when interacting with peers in their daily lives. In addition, bystanders tended to display affiliative behavior after observing focal children’s prosocial behavior. In other words, observing peers’ prosocial behavior toward third-party peers evoked bystanders’ positive emotions toward the helpers. Considering both the present results and previous findings, we speculate that in preschoolers, such positive emotions might mediate the increase in the bystander’s prosocial behavior toward the helper. In addition, an intuitional emotional process plays an important role in the preschooler’s behavioral tendency toward social indirect reciprocity in natural interactions with peers.</p></div

Influence of independent factors on the number of affiliative behavior from bystanders in Analysis 1, Model 2.

<p>We analyzed the data in 566 sessions (283 PP-MC pairs, focal child = 12, bystander = 56, focal-bystander dyad = 144) in Analysis 1, Model 2. In the factor “context”, the parameters were shown in the same way as <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070915#pone-0070915-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Influence of independent factors on the number of prosocial behavior from bystanders in Analysis 1, Model 1.

<p>We analyzed the data in 566 sessions (283 PP-MC pairs, focal child = 12, bystander = 56, focal-bystander dyad = 144) in Analysis 1, Model 1. The generalized linear mixed model with Poisson error structures was used in the analysis. In the linear model with categorical independent variables, one of the levels was treated as a criterion, and the parameters of the other levels were estimated as the difference from the criterion level. In this model, in the factor “context”, the level “MC” was treated as a criterion, and the coefficient of “PP” was shown as the differences from the level of “MC”.</p

Definitions of coded prosocial behaviors and affiliative behaviors.

<p>Definitions of coded prosocial behaviors and affiliative behaviors.</p

Actual frequencies of prosocial and affiliative behavior per hour in terms of context.

<p>Data are represented as session means ±1 SE of the actual measured value of frequencies of prosocial behavior and affiliative behavior for each context. ^***<i>p</i><.001. The <i>p</i> values were calculated from the estimated values in Analysis1: Model 1 and Model 2.</p

Design Methodology of Ultra Low-power MPEG4 Codec Core Exploiting Voltage Scaling Techniques

This paper describes a fully automated lowpower design methodology in which three different voltage-scaling techniques are combined together. Supply voltage is scaled globally, selectively, and adaptively while keeping the performance. This methodology enabled us to design an MPEG4 codec core with 58% less power than the original in three week turn-around-time. 1.1 Keywords Low power, voltage scaling, design automation, synthesis, placement, flip-flops, level converters, MPEG4, codec 2. INTRODUCTION Mobile computing devices have been enjoying considerable success in the consumer electronics market. Market requirements are pushing the performance of those devices even higher, and the battery life even longer. In the near future, a wireless multi-media terminal on which we can enjoy moving pictures and stereo sound will emerge. MPEG4 is a standard on video and audio coding/decoding for mobile computing environment. Clearly, major requirements for MPEG4 codec LSI&apos;s are low pow..

Design of synchrotron and transport line for carbon therapy facility and related machine study at HIMAC

Based on 10 years experience of carbon therapy at HIMAC, new facility project is in progress at NIRS. In this paper, the design of thesynchrotron and its transport system dedicated for carbon therapy based on the machine study at HIMAC and the results of the studiesare presente

Characteristics of the Department of Psychology as Reflected in the Survey on Motivation for Enrollment (1) : based on the Results of Quantitative Date

publisher奈良　一連の論文では、心理学科の特徴を把握することを目的として、在学生を対象に「入学動機アンケート」を実施した。調査ではGoogle Forms上に作成したアンケートフォームに回答を求めた。回答数は240名（男116名、女113名）であった。本報告では、選択式の質問に対する結果を報告した。奈良大・心理学科への志望順位は、第1志望が63.3%と最も多かった。心理学科に対する評価としては、「入学して良かった」が78.0%、「幅広く心理学を学べる」が86.3%、「心理学科での学びは社会でも役立つ」が84.2%と、いずれも高かった。「心理学を学びたいならすすめる」は50.8%と過半数を超えているものの、前の3つと比較すると低かった、などが明らかとなった

Characteristics of the Department of Psychology as Reflected in the Survey on Motivation for Enrollment (2) : based on the Free Description Date

publisher奈良　一連の論文では、心理学科の特徴を把握することを目的として、在学生を対象に「入学動機アンケート」を実施した。調査ではGoogle Forms上に作成したアンケートフォームに回答を求めた。回答数は240名（男116名、女113名）であった。本報告では、自由記述式の質問に対する結果を報告した。自由記述のデータはKJ法に基づき分類した。「入学して良かった」については、「見識の広がり」、「教員の魅力」、「友人との出会い」、「授業の魅力」などに分類された。「入学して残念なこと」については、「コロナ禍による影響」、「授業が残念」、「環境・立地」などに分類された。「入学前にはわからなかった魅力」については、「教員の魅力」、「環境の魅力」、「授業の魅力」、「友人の魅力」などに分類された