Assessment of natural groundwater recharge in Tudun Wada Local Government Kano State, Nigeria

Water is important natural resources on earth which cater for all human endeavors. Estimation of groundwater recharge is an essential for efficient groundwater resources management. This research entails the assessment of natural groundwater recharge in Tudun Wada Kano, Nigeria. This study carried out on 2015 attempted to derive an empirical relationship to determine the groundwater recharge from rainfall in Tudun Wada based on seasonal groundwater balance using data from 2002 to 2013. This empirical relationship similar to Chaturvedi formula was derived by fitting the estimated values of rainfall recharge and the corresponding values of rainfall in the monsoon season through the non-linear regression techniques. The variance was found to be 29.50 %, and the recharge of groundwater commences at P = 15.28 inches and the relative errors was found to range from 0.95 to 28.43%.Keywords: groundwater; rainfall; recharge; wet season; water balance; empirical relatio

Modelling equation of knee force during instep kicking using dominant’s leg in football

This paper presents the biomechanics analysis of the football players, to obtain the equation that relates with the variables and to get the force model equation when the kicking was made. The subjects delivered instep kicking by using the dominant’s leg where one subjects using right and left leg. 2 Dimensional analysis was conducted by using Silicon Pro Coach software. Based on the findings, the velocity and distance was identified as significant to the kick force model. The highest average force of kicking for dominant’s right leg is 5879.60N, the highest average velocity is 8.2m/s with distance kick as much as 47.85m and the multi linear model equation is ŷ = - 18.1+ 711x1 + 0.146 x2 + 396x3. The highest average force for dominant’s left leg is 8486.0N, the highest average velocity is 11.71m/s with distance kick as much as 50.8m and the multi linear model equation is ŷ = - 0.073 + 724x1 + 0.00114 x2 + 0.40 x3.Keywords: kicking; biomechanics; distance; force; velocity; angl

Spectrum monitoring: Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) profile for hydroxyl (OH) lines window

It was crucial to monitor the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in order to conduct the radio astronomical research with very minimum RFI. These RFI will be distorted the astronomical data. In this work, we have investigated the RFI strength (dBm) and presenting on how the nearby RFI affect to the OH lines window (1600 MHz-1800 MHz). Measurement of RFI spectrum was done in one minute interval in 24 hours observation at Kusza Observatory (KO) using spectrum analyzer. RFI analysis was done by identifying the RFI strength (dBm) in 3 separated OH lines window which is window A, window B and window C. Window C was found as the higher RFI strength compared other two window. Besides, interference peak (1575MHz) has found affected the OH lines window by spilling out untill 90MHz to the left and 180MHz to the right.Keywords: radio frequency interference; hydroxyl lines; RFI strengt

Exposure level from selected base station tower around Kuala Nerus: a preliminary analysis

Health risk due to RF radiation exposure from base station tower (BST) has been debated for years leading to public concerns. Thus, this preliminary study aims to measure, evaluate and analyze the exposure level on three selected BST around Kuala Nerus. The measurement of exposure level in terms of voltage amplitude (dBmV) data were recorded using spectrum analyzer. The trend of exposure level shows that the characteristics of environment around the BST sites contribute to the variation of voltage amplitude for all study sites. Besides, the radiation exposure level of BST depends on several factors such as: the distance from the radiation sources, the height of the tower, tilt and direction of the antennas fixed on the top of the tower, the number of antennas on single tower, the type of radiation pattern, the direction of main beam of radiation, the feeding power and the operating frequency.Keywords: base station tower; exposure level; radiofrequency; electromagnetic radiatio

Assessment of individual water quality index parameter in Terengganu River, Malaysia

Water quality is a state of biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of water in collaboration with anticipated use and a set of standards. Samplings were taken in wet and dry seasons from twenty-nine stations within the river basin. Six parameters were used base on National Water Quality Standard (NWQS). Individual Water Quality Index (WQI) is used to compare the parameters with WQI table to show results on many impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors. Six parameters have been calculated to have the WQI which is wet season has a range of 62.10 to 75.46 with a mean of 72.81, while dry season ranging from 56.3 74.14 with an average of 70.47 which based on water quality classification is slightly polluted. It is suggested that monitoring and treatment should be appropriately carried out on measured parameters that fall in Class III and IV along with the river.Keywords: water quality index; individual parameter; NWQS; Terengganu Rive

A review on electromagnetics (EM) exposure measurement techniques from base station

EM exposure in the range of non-ionizing radiations (NIR) which falls in the radio frequency up to 3GHz is mainly sourced from mobile phone base stations, broadcast towers and radar facilities. This reviews based on previous researcher obtained results and methods in order to determine the best technique to measure the exposure. Moreover, the estimation of exposure levels by considering the specification of the antennas installed and area of the base stations itself was also reviewed. It was found that numerous study of NIR exposure level has been conducted in other countries, while Malaysia has become aware of the importance. Most of the studies used field meter to carry out the measurement, and the exposure level obtained were far lower than the limit recommended by World Health Organization (WHO).Keywords: electromagnetic exposure level, base station, electric field strength, geographical information syste

Development of android application for computation of air pollutant index and water quality index

Past few decades, human have experienced a revolution in the computer sciences, not only in terms of its ability but also in terms of its use. Advancement of smartphone technology had produced rapid yet incredible invention in many sectors such as construction, agriculture, education, health and many more. This paper will discuss about the development of the application that is used to calculate the API and WQI indices. WQI and API calculator application was named as My.Index Calculator. The application can run on Android version 3.0 (Honeycomb) until the latest version of it (Lollipop). The application provides better alternatives to the index calculation and data management. Now, the researchers and students can calculate the index value at anytime and anywhere with the help of the application. In addition, it is way easier and faster to calculate the index.Keywords: water quality index; air pollutant index; programming; androi

Assessment of water quality status using univariate analysis at Klang and Juru River, Malaysia

Klang River and Juru River which today suffers from water quality probllems resulting from anthropogenic and geomorphology factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the water quality status from 2009 until 2013. 10 monitoring stations covering along Klang River and Juru River were selected. Six water quality parameters analyzed based on in-situ and ex-situ analysis were carried out according to the univariate analysis to obtain WQI level. The result indicated the impact of various anthropogenic and geomorphology activities contributed higher values of BOD, COD, SS and NH3-NL but the TSS concentration contamination at Juru River still on stable condition. Downstream and middle stream more polluted than upstream area triggered by pollutants from waste products of development activities, which inclusion of a high amount of pollutants of Klang River and Juru River.Keywords: water quality; univariate analysis; national water quality standards (NWQS); anthropogeni

Non-ionizing radiation as threat in daily life

Electromagnetic field (EMF) is a field of combination between electric and magnetic field. While electromagnetic radiation (EMR) can be divided into ionizing and non-ionizing radiation (NIR). This article review of published scientific studies about NIR and its effect on the human body. From this review, it is found that NIR gives effect towards the human body if it is exposed towards NIR in long time exposure. NIR also creates a thermal effect in long time exposure. This paper tends to create awareness for public that non-ionizing radiation provide an adverse effect towards public since its source is within our everyday life. For future study, we suggest for a policy to be applied in Malaysia as a basic guideline for EMR exposure and an implementation of mapping for EMR exposure at East and West of Malaysia to create an easiness for future researcher do a research in the EMR field study.Keywords: electromagnetic field radiation; non-ionizing radiation; EM

Flood risk index pattern assessment: case study in Langat River Basin

This study focus on the creation of flood risk index in the study area based on secondary data derived from the Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID) since 1982-2012. Based on the result, it shows that the water level is the best variable to be taken for the purposed of flood warning alert system as the result for correlation coefficient was 1.000. The risk index has been created from the control limit value with range from 0-100. Result showed that 16.63% out of total result being classified as High Risk class for flood with risk index range from 70 and above. The accuracy of prediction of risk index being clarified by using ANN method and result obtained was 0.9936798 and the lowest RMSE of 0.662591 on the three hidden nodes to achieve an optimal result. The future prediction for UCL for water level in the river basin was 3.6 meter.Keywords: flood risk index; PCA; SPC; artificial neural network; future predictio