A perzsa tudományosság kialakulása a klasszikus korban (mesterség és elmélet) = The development of Persian Scholarship in the Classical Period (Practice and Theory)

Az iszlámkori Iránban a perzsa nyelvű tudományos tevékenység megjelenése és első eredményei döntően az arab nyelvű tudományok nyomdokain születettek meg. Az első évszázadokban a tudományok nyelve az arab volt, de a tudományok művelői között nagy számban megtalálhatóak voltak az iráni, többségükben perzsa származású tudósok, államférfiak és udvari tisztségviselők is, akik az abbászida birodalom szellemi életében kiemelkedő szerepet játszottak. A most záruló kutatásunk alapvetően két-irányú volt: egyrészt konkrét (grammatikai, logikai, irodalomelméleti, művészettörténeti stb.) forrásokkal foglalkoztunk (a), majd megpróbáltuk az ezekből a vizsgálatából adódó tanulságokat (terminológia, elemzések, definíciók) a szakterület korabeli elméleti kérdéseket tárgyaló forrásaival egybevetni (b). Végül mindezeket a részterületi kutatási eredményeket, tanulságokat egy általánosabb perzsa tudománytörténet szélesebb keretébe illesztettük, egy korai iszlámkori perzsa tudománytörténet ill. művészettörténet megírásával (c). Pályázatunk lezárásaként, az eredményeket, résztanulmányok (angol és magyar nyelven) mellett, egy könyvben foglaltuk össze, mely magyar nyelven először tárgyalta ezeket a kérdéseket (2007). | Iranian scholarship in the Persian language appeared comparatively late in the 10-11th centuries following in the wake of Muslim scholarship in Arabic. Nevertheless, from the very outset scholars of Iranian stock helped develop various branches of human and rational sciences such as grammar, lexicography, logic, literary sciences, history, history of fine art, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, or geography, etc. Our research aimed at twofold goals: it scrutinized sources (manuscripts, lithographs, printed matters) and carried out field works by collecting various sorts of data concerning literary and linguistic sciences and fine art history in Iran (a). Relying on evidences gained from the analyses of the sources under investigation (e.g. terminological facets, types of definitions, etc.) a detailed account of some important points in the development of human sciences could be given (b). The results gained from this research have been published in a separate volume (c: 2007)

Nerve stretch injury induced pain pattern and changes in sensory ganglia in a clinically relevant model of limb-lengthening in rabbits.

We used a model of tibial lengthening in rabbits to study the postoperative pain pattern during limb-lengthening and morphological changes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), including alteration of substance P (SP) expression. Four groups of animals (naive; OG: osteotomised only group; SDG/FDG: slow/fast distraction groups, with 1 mm/3 mm lengthening a day, respectively) were used. Signs of increasing postoperative pain were detected until the 10(th) postoperative day in OG/SDG/FDG, then they decreased in OG but remained higher in SDG/FDG until the distraction finished, suggesting that the pain response is based mainly on surgical trauma until the 10(th) day, while the lengthening extended its duration and increased its intensity. The only morphological change observed in the DRGs was the presence of large vacuoles in some large neurons of OG/SDG/FDG. Cell size analysis of the S1 DRGs showed no cell loss in any of the three groups; a significant increase in the number of SP-positive large DRG cells in the OG; and a significant decrease in the number of SP-immunoreactive small DRG neurons in the SDG/FDG. Faster and larger distraction resulted in more severe signs of pain sensation, and further reduced the number of SP-positive small cells, compared to slow distraction

Differential detergent sensitivity of extracellular vesicle subpopulations

This work shows for the first time that exosomes are more resistant to detergents than microvesicles and apoptotic bodies.</p

Improved Characterization of EV Preparations Based on Protein to Lipid Ratio and Lipid Properties.

In recent years the study of extracellular vesicles has gathered much scientific and clinical interest. As the field is expanding, it is becoming clear that better methods for characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles as well as better standards to compare studies are warranted. The goal of the present work was to find improved parameters to characterize extracellular vesicle preparations. Here we introduce a simple 96 well plate-based total lipid assay for determination of lipid content and protein to lipid ratios of extracellular vesicle preparations from various myeloid and lymphoid cell lines as well as blood plasma. These preparations included apoptotic bodies, microvesicles/microparticles, and exosomes isolated by size-based fractionation. We also investigated lipid bilayer order of extracellular vesicle subpopulations using Di-4-ANEPPDHQ lipid probe, and lipid composition using affinity reagents to clustered cholesterol (monoclonal anti-cholesterol antibody) and ganglioside GM1 (cholera toxin subunit B). We have consistently found different protein to lipid ratios characteristic for the investigated extracellular vesicle subpopulations which were substantially altered in the case of vesicular damage or protein contamination. Spectral ratiometric imaging and flow cytometric analysis also revealed marked differences between the various vesicle populations in their lipid order and their clustered membrane cholesterol and GM1 content. Our study introduces for the first time a simple and readily available lipid assay to complement the widely used protein assays in order to better characterize extracellular vesicle preparations. Besides differentiating extracellular vesicle subpopulations, the novel parameters introduced in this work (protein to lipid ratio, lipid bilayer order, and lipid composition), may prove useful for quality control of extracellular vesicle related basic and clinical studies

Synthesis and Evaluation of Phosphorus Containing, Specific CDK9/CycT1 Inhibitors

International audienceAlthough there is a significant effort in the design of a selective CDK9/CycT1 inhibitor, no compound has been proven to be a specific inhibitor of this kinase so far. The aim of this research was to develop novel and selective phosphorus containing CDK9/CycT1 inhibitors. Molecules bearing phosphonamidate, phosphonate, and phosphinate moieties were synthesized. Prepared compounds were evaluated in an enzymatic CDK9/CycT1 assay. The most potent molecules were tested in cell-based toxicity and HIV proliferation assays. Selectivity of shortlisted compounds against CDKs and other kinases was tested. The best compound was shown to be a highly specific, ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK9/CycT1 with antiviral activity