Environmental copula constructions in Hungarian

In this paper I examine the behaviour of Hungarian copular environmental constructions, and I demonstrate that they cannot be treated on a par with weather verbs (as suggested in the literature). While the latter may have a quasi-argumental subject, treating the former along the same lines would also mean to analyse the NP/AP featuring in these constructions as a predicate nominal/adjective. A parallel analysis of sentences involving nominal predication, environmental copular constructions and sentences with undisputable NP-subjects shows that environmental constructions pattern with the latter. I discuss and weigh the subject properties and the predicate properties of the nominal part of the construction, surveying all the evidence that has emerged in the literature, and adding some further arguments. The dual behaviour of the nominal/adjectival part of atmospheric copular constructions is argued to come from their predicative content combined with their status as syntactic subjects. For what appears to be an AP+ VAN ‘be’ type of environmental copular construction, an Adj → N conversion analysis is proposed, and an alternative analysis with the AP being the modifier of an abstract null noun is also mentioned

Discourse meets grammar : The case of Hungarian verbal particles

This paper sets forward an information structural account of the position of verbal particles in present-day Standard Hungarian and in Old Hungarian. Diacronically a gradual change in the position of particles can be observed across different construction types, which is claimed to be governed by the discourse status of the culmination of the event expressed by the verbal particle. It is argued that the position of verbal particles is not to be accounted for by assuming an aspectual representation independent of information structure

Magyar generatív történeti mondattan = Hungarian generative diachronic syntax

Elkészítettük a kéziratos ómagyar és korai középmagyar szövegek, köztük 47 kódex digitális adatbázisát, egy kétmillió szavas korpuszt. 11 kódexszöveghez normalizált helyesírású változatot is illesztettünk. Négy kódexet morfológiailag is annotáltunk. Az adatbázishoz felhasználóbarát keresőt készítettünk. Elemeztük az ómagyar szövegek mondattanát, olykor az ősmagyar korig visszanyúlva. Egyes változásokat a középmagyar koron át az újmagyar korig követtük. Amellett érveltünk, hogy az ősmagyar mondat SOV szórendű volt, és az ősmagyar/ómagyar kor fordulóján változott SVO-vé. Hipotézist állítottunk fel a változás okáról és lefolyásáról. Végigkísértük a határozott névelő kialakulását és a birtokos szerkezet változásait. Kimutattuk , hogy míg az ősmagyart az adverbiális kvantifikáció jellemezte, az ómagyar kor közepére a determinánsi kvantifikáció vált általánossá. A névutós szerkezeteket a relációs főnevet tartalmazó birtokos szerkezetektől a határozóragokig vezető grammatikalizációs út állomásaként elemeztük. Vizsgáltuk az ősmagyar SOV örökségeként továbbélő sokféle korai ómagyar igeneves szerkezetet, és megmutattuk, hogyan szorította ki őket a véges alárendelés. A változásokban kimutattuk a nyelvi változások univerzális válfajait: az újraelemzést, a grammatikalizációt, és megmutattunk a változások ciklikus voltát. Eredményeinket egy magyar és egy angol kötetben foglaltuk össze; előbbi az Akadémiai Kiadónál, utóbbi az Oxford University Pressnél áll megjelenés alatt. | We compiled a 2-million-word corpus of Old and Early Middle Hungarian manuscripts, among them 47 codices. In the case of 11 codices, we also prepared a paleographically normalized version. 4 codices were morphologically parsed and annotated. We prepared a user-friendly corpus query tool. We analyzed the syntax of Old Hungarian texts, often also reconstructing the Proto-Hungarian antecedents. We have followed some of the changes up to the present. We concluded that the Proto-Hungarian sentence was SOV, which changed into SOV at the turn of the Proto-Hungarian/Old Hungarian periods. We have set up a hypothesis about the causes and the process of this change. We analyzed the stages of the emergence of the definite article and the changes of the possessive construction. We pointed out a shift from adverbial quantification to determiner quantification. We analyzed postpositional constructions as intermediate steps on the grammaticalization path leading from possessive constructions with a relational head noun to adverbial suffixes. We investigated the rich system of non-finite subordination surviving from the SOV Proto-Hungarian era, and its gradual replacement by finite subordination. We pointed out the universal mechanisms of change, among them reanalysis and grammaticalization, and we showed the cyclic nature of changes. We summarized our results in a Hungarian and in an English book. The former is being published by Akadémiai Kiadó, the latter, by Oxford University Press

To ventilate or not to ventilate during bystander CPR — A EuReCa TWO analysis

Background: Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is still low. For every minute without resuscitation the likelihood of survival decreases. One critical step is initiation of immediate, high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The aim of this subgroup analysis of data collected for the European Registry of Cardiac Arrest Study number 2 (EuReCa TWO) was to investigate the association between OHCA survival and two types of bystander CPR namely: chest compression only CPR (CConly) and CPR with chest compressions and ventilations (FullCPR). Method: In this subgroup analysis of EuReCa TWO, all patients who received bystander CPR were included. Outcomes were return of spontaneous circulation and survival to 30-days or hospital discharge. A multilevel binary logistic regression analysis with survival as the dependent variable was performed. Results: A total of 5884 patients were included in the analysis, varying between countries from 21 to 1444. Survival was 320 (8%) in the CConly group and 174 (13%) in the FullCPR group. After adjustment for age, sex, location, rhythm, cause, time to scene, witnessed collapse and country, patients who received FullCPR had a significantly higher survival rate when compared to those who received CConly (adjusted odds ration 1.46, 95% confidence interval 1.17–1.83). Conclusion: In this analysis, FullCPR was associated with higher survival compared to CConly. Guidelines should continue to emphasise the importance of compressions and ventilations during resuscitation for patients who suffer OHCA and CPR courses should continue to teach both