Location of Cl⁻ concentration QTL (<i>barc56</i>/<i>gwm186</i>) on chromosome 5A detected in field trials (Balaklava, Georgetown and Roseworthy) with varying salinity levels.

<p>The outlier statistics represent LOD scores (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098845#pone-0098845-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>).</p

<b>Estimated genetic correlations between shoot DW (hydroponics), grain yield (field) Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ (field and hydroponics) extracted from the fitted multi-trait model at each environment.</b>

<p><b>Estimated genetic correlations between shoot DW (hydroponics), grain yield (field) Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ (field and hydroponics) extracted from the fitted multi-trait model at each environment.</b></p

<b>Parental means, population mean and range for Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations (mmol kg¹ DW) in penultimate leaves (field trials) and whole shoots (hydroponics), seedling biomass [shoot DW (g plant¹)] and grain yield (t ha¹) in Berkut/Krichauff DH population tested for ST in hydroponics and field trials (Roseworthy, Balaklava and Georgetown).</b>

<p>The means represent predicted values from MET (Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺) and single environment (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) analysis of each trait. Broad-sense heritability is also given for individual traits at each environment.</p

Albumin-Oleic Acid Promotes <i>De Novo</i> Synergistic Descending Inhibition of Tibialis Anterior Reflex Activity after SCI.

<p>Examination of rectified Tibialis Anterior (TA) electromyograhic reflex activity (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3A–3C</a>) revealed strong inhibition of temporal summation in animals with T9 spinal contusion (Cont) treated with albumin-oleic acid (Alb-OA, 0.4/80 nanomoles) following high-frequency conditioning stimulation (Post-Cond) above the SCI when compared to the pre-conditioning (Pre-Cond) response (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3C</a>, scale bar 10 µV/2.5 s). No inhibition was observed either in naïve (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3A</a>, scale bar 20 µV/2.5 s) or in animals with contusion SCI treated with saline alone (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3B</a>, scale bar 20 µV/2.5 s). Quantitative analysis of TA reflex temporal summation (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3D–3I</a>) demonstrated a phasic facilitation in naïve animals following high-frequency electrical conditioning (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3D</a>), which was absent in the experimental SCI groups (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3E–3I</a>). Indeed <i>de novo</i> synergistic phasic inhibition of TA reflex activity mediated across the SCI was only promoted by treatment with albumin-oleic acid (Alb-OA, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3I</a>, p<0.001), but not with albumin (Alb, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3F</a>), oleic acid (OA, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3G</a>) or albumin-elaidic acid (Alb-EA, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3H</a>). Statistical analysis was performed with a one-way ANOVA for each experimental group (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3D–3I</a>, * - p<0.05; *** - p<0.001).</p

Albumin-Oleic Acid Increases Serotonin (5-HT) Innervation to Above Normal Levels after SCI.

<p>Immunohistochemical images revealed that 5-HT innervation density was increased within both the dorsal and ventral horn following Albumin-Oleic acid treatment (0.4/80 nanomoles, 5C and 5I, 10x) compared to either naïve animals (A and G, 10x) or those with SCI contusion (Cont) treated with saline alone (Sal, B and H, 10x). Detailed photographs of laminae I-II (D-F, note faint medial signal in D), lamina VII (J–L) and lamina IX (M–O) revealed the normal presence of 5-HT fibres with varicosities (D, J, M), following SCI (E, K, N) and in animals with spinal T9 contusion with albumin-oleic acid treatment (F, L, O). Quantification of the increase in lumbar 5-HT innervation levels below the SCI within the dorsal (P, p<0.001) or ventral horn (Q, p<0.001) following Albumin-OA treatment (Alb-OA, 0.4/80 nanomoles) was observed, but not after saline (Sal), albumin (Alb), oleic acid (OA) or albumin-elaidic acid (Alb-EA) administration. Statistical analysis was performed with a one-way ANOVA for each experimental group (P and Q, *** - p<0.001). Detailed original examples of fluorescent images of 5-HT fibres within laminae I–II (R) and laminae VII (S) are included with Alb-OA treatment 28 days after T9 SCI.</p

Albumin-Oleic Acid Promotes Phasic Inhibition of Early and Late Tibialis Anterior Reflex Activity following SCI.

<p>Analysis of the first and second phase of Tibialis Anterior (TA) reflex temporal summation in naïve animals (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4A</a>) and those with SCI 28 days after T9 spinal contusion (Cont) revealed that the synergistic phasic inhibitory effect of Albumin-Oleic acid produced with the high-frequency electrical conditioning stimulation when normalized to the first phase of the pre-conditioned response was present during both the early and late phases of temporal summation (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4C</a>), but not in the group treated with Saline (Sal, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4B</a>) or in naïve animals (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4A</a>). Furthermore activation of phasic inhibition of absolute integrated TA reflex activity measured during both phases of temporal summation revealed that Alb-OA treatment significantly inhibited nociceptive activity to below the normal value observed in naïve animals during the early phase (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026107#pone-0026107-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4D</a>). Statistical analysis was performed with a one-way ANOVA supported by a post-hoc Bonferroni test (* - p<0.05; ** - p<0.01, ***-p<0.001).</p

The Genetic Control of Grain Protein Content under Variable Nitrogen Supply in an Australian Wheat Mapping Population

<div><p>Genetic variation has been observed in both protein concentration in wheat grain and total protein content (protein yield). Here we describe the genetic analysis of variation for grain protein in response to nitrogen (N) supply and locate significant genomic regions controlling grain protein components in a spring wheat population. In total, six N use efficiency (NUE) field trials were carried out for the target traits in a sub-population of doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between two Australian varieties, RAC875 and Kukri, in Southern and Western Australia from 2011 to 2013. Twenty-four putative Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for protein-related traits were identified at high and low N supply and ten QTL were identified for the response to N for the traits studied. These loci accounted for a significant proportion of the overall effect of N supply. Several of the regions were co-localised with grain yield QTL and are promising targets for further investigation and selection in breeding programs.</p></div

Phenotypic performance of RAC875 × Kukri population for protein-related traits across southern Australian trial sites in three seasons (2011–2013).

<p>Phenotypic performance of RAC875 × Kukri population for protein-related traits across southern Australian trial sites in three seasons (2011–2013).</p

The location, climate and basic soil characteristics, growing conditions and average grain yield (GY, kg ha^-1) of five southern Australian trial sites used for nitrogen use efficiency field trials in this study.

<p>The location, climate and basic soil characteristics, growing conditions and average grain yield (GY, kg ha^-1) of five southern Australian trial sites used for nitrogen use efficiency field trials in this study.</p