Емисија и имисијата на гасови во атмосферата од термоелектрани во Република Македонија

Во овој труд ќе биде претставена методологија на пресметка на емисијата и имисијата на гасови во атмосверата од ТЕ во Република Македонија во конкретниот случај преку модел за пресметка на концентрација на локално загадување со SO2, како и чад и пепел како составен дел на нуспродуктите од согорување на горивото при работа на термо електрaните (ТЕ). Ќе го презентираме конкретниот математичкиот модел врз основа на кој се направени програмски кодови во MATLAB и иститите искористени на конкретни примери за ТЕ во Република Македонија: ТЕ Осломеј коja работи со јаглен и ТЕ Неготино кој работи на мазут како гориво. Како влезни параметри се дадени хемискиот состав на горивото и техничките податоци за котлите и оџаците за секоја термоцентрала посебно. Како излез се добива максимална концентрација на SO2, чад и пепел и растојание од оџакот каде се појавуваат, како и распределба на истите во просторот (табеларен и графички приказ). Од анализите и конкретниот пример на термоцентралите во Република Македонија ќе се добие слика за еколошките последици врз околината како последица од експлоатација на термоенергетските постројки за производство на електрична енергија. Клучни зборови: емисија на гасови, имисија на гасови, екологија, термо електрани

Fuels made from agricultural biomass - (biogas) alternative types(Alternativne vrste goriva iz poljoprivredne biomase - biogas)

Biogas is a typical "product" of urban discharges, which has a great negative environmental impact. To avoid this negative effect, it can be burnt at very high temperatures, producing smoke emissions composed of CO2. A useful alternative is to use biogas as fuel to feed co-generation plants, producing electricity. At the moment biogas is used as fuel, introducing it directly in the combustion chamber. Nevertheless the heterogeneity of the gas stresses the engine, reducing its life. The new technology should treat the biogas before putting it into the engine, reducing its heterogeneity and stabilizing it in that range of characteristics which are acceptable for the engine. Such a technology has the advantage to preserve the environment from the emission of biogas, guaranteeing, at the same time, a higher safety of discharges. In fact, biogas produced by urban discharges could create big gas pockets with a high pressure that could cause explosions. Using biogas as fuel for internal combustion engines will make discharges safer than before and at the same time it will be a useful alternative source of power. While biogas has multiple benefits at the individual family level, it also has several qualitative and quantitative benefits at the societal level. Key words: biogas, agriculture biomass, fuels. methane

Енергетска ревизија пројеката фотонапонске (фотоволтајне) електране

Овај предметну рад указује како Енергетска ревизија може послужити инвеститору као основа за сопствене инвестиционе одлуке, јер је то објективна и квалификована оцена пројекта,укључујући и квалификовану процену пројекта, укључујући и поређење најмање две варијанте пројектног решења. У иностранству је студија приноса чешћа основа за прединвестициону процену ФНЕ пројеката, технички ризици пројекта обично се процењују у оквиру накнадне техничке детаљне анализе пројекта. Ако је енергетска ревизија добро обрађена, може у потпуности заменити студију производње енергије и делимично или у потпуности техничку детаљну анализу пројекта. Енергетски преглед-ревизија је формално дефинисан скуп акција које воде ка идентификацији потенцијала за уштеду енергије или енергетску добит

Analysis of changes in the parameters of the maturation of sremski sausage with previosly given tenical characteristics of the chamber

Srem sausage belongs to the group delicatessen products whose production is known since a long time ago. It is produced bu selected recipe at precisely determined technical characteristics of the maturation chamber. The change of relative humidity air temperature during the maturation and changes of pH values in the stuffing mass has been analysed . Also the difference in the mass of the Srem sausage has been determined on the begining and the end of maturation. The bacteriological state and organoleptic characteristics are examined . The processsed data of changes are given in a tabular display. Key words: Chamber of maturing, Srem sausage, pH

Input factors for Successful Implementation of Decentralized Bioenergy Projects in Practice

Long-term success of decentralized bioenergy projects in practice is not only based on reliable plant management by well-informed and attentive operators, but is heavily dependent on initial choice of appropriate technology and precise assessments during the planning phase. Learning from failed projects can be as efficient as learning from success stories. All decisions should be based on a detailed assessment of economic viability, a precise evaluation on how the plant fits into existing infrastructure and current site management, and sufficient understanding of the relevant technical and regulatory implications. Keywords-bioenergy; anaerobic digestion; planning phase; decision process; success factor

Greenhouse gas emissions from transport source

The transport sector is comprised of a diverse set of activities connected by their common purpose: To move people and goods from one place to another. The sector encompasses such varied activities as walking to the corner store to pick up some milk, driving a car to a theatre, and flying fresh mangoes halfway around the world for consumption by residents of northern countries in winter. While all of the sub-sectors within the transport sector share a common purpose, they do not necessarily share greenhouse gas emissions characteristics. Hence, greenhouse gas emissions reduction solutions for different kinds of transport can be quite varied. There are five physical elements of the transport sector that can be changed to reduce emissions: Vehicle efficiency, greenhouse gas intensity of the fuel used, level of transport activity, mode of transport chosen, and amount of capacity used

HYGIENIC SANITATION IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY IN THE PRODUCTION OF COW YELLOW CHEESE AS A FACTOR FOR OBTAINING HYGIENICALLY PROPER PRODUCTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EU STANDARDIZATION AND CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

Hygienic sanitation processes in the dairy industry are a major factor in obtaining hygienically healthy dairy products. The subject of the analysis is the production equipment, human resources and the produced finished product – cow yellow cheese, in which different procedures for sanitation are used due to the application of various technologies at work. Studies have shown that hygienic sanitation gives satisfactory results. The responsibility and positive influence of the employees has been confirmed. The results of the examined bacteriological correctness of the equipment showed a greater and better effect when performing the machine compared to the manual cleaning. From the analysis of the key parameters in the CIP (Cleaning-In-Place) system is it was found that the shorter duration of cleaning is correlated with a faster flow and a higher temperature and concentration of the agents. From the recirculating agents, the base and the acid, more clouding occurs in the base material. Finally, from the examined bacteriological correctness of the finished product – yellow cheese, it has been confirmed that the product is completely hygienically straight and healthy for consumption. Hygienic sanitation in the dairy industry is the most critical operation in the milk processing processes and is of great importance for obtaining a quality, healthy and hygienically straightforward finished product.   Key words: CIP system, human resources, production equipment, finished produc

Replacement (reconstruction) of the active steel end zone of the turbogenerator

There are five physical elements of the transport sector that can be changed to reduce emissions: Vehicle efficiency, greenhouse gas intensity of the fuel used, level of transport activity, mode of transport chosen, and amount of capacity used. In this paper is described one practical example of the replacement (reconstruction) of the active steel end zone of the turbo-generator n.1 which operates in REK Bitola, with purpose to improve the condition of the turbo-generator from magnetic point of view during the modernization for increasing the power. Turbo-generator is type TVV 200-2A produced by “Elektrosila” – Russia. The stator winding is cooled directly with distilate. The rotor winding, the stator core and the housing are cooled with hydrogen. The reconstruction itself covers replacing more elements which are: Replacement of five end packs of each active steel end zone, which are manufactured in monolithic (backed) version and with successive reducing of its height Reconstruction of the pressure rings with simultaneous installation of new enlarged copper screen on the pressure rings Additional fingers for better tightness and intensifying the cooling of the end zones Stabilization of the pressing tightness of turbo-generator core active steel with installing special spring devices so called pressure accumulators During the realization of the reconstruction special tools, devices and equipment have been used. Also for all examination which have been done protocols (test reports) have been made. Every test report consist from: test object, basis, criteria of control, test results and conclusion on the test results

Analiza motornih ulja s pomoci infracrvene spektroskopie

Во денешно време, инфрацрвената спектроскопија е еден од основните инструментални техники на триботехничката дијагностика. Оваа брза и недеструктивна аналитичка метода обезбедува податоци за хемискиот состав на моторни масла. Овај труд накратко ги опишува можностите за инфрацрвена спектроскопија за анализата на моторни масла, со кои практично се утврдуваат параметри за степенот на употребеност истите. Исто така овај труд укажува на употреба на опрема за мерење и употребата на FTIR спектроскопија за утврдување кака на основните состојки така и на адитивите кои ги имаат во составот моторните масла. Во зависност од адитивите, моторните масла се означуваат како Low SAPS

Logistic aspects of the activities of the rolling stock of the public communal company Prilep 2017

In each transformational company its main activity is based on the work of the rolling stock. Collection, transportation and disposal of the municipal waste are functions that are an integral part of the operation of the rolling stock. Therefore the main benefits for the company that works with manipulation of the municipal waste can come only with a qualitative rolling stock. In this labor will be presented the existing operational concept for collection, transport and disposal of the municipal waste in the Community of Prilep with appropriate presentations of various exploitationals indicators and measurements. The calculation of the corresponding analyses of the work of the rolling stock are directly investigated for realistic conditions. Thus this labor will undoubtedly contribute for the real improvement of logistic, economics and exploitation of the existing railroad facilities. Thus any future investment for improvement will be fully justified for the Community of Prilep