Relationship between power and oxidation-reduction potential with killing efficacy.

<p>Relationship between power and oxidation-reduction potential with killing efficacy.</p

Changes in bioluminescence intensity, bacterial viability and physical-chemical parameters of anolyte.

<p><b>Log reduction (LR) was calculated using Inlet t</b>_<b>0</b><b>as the reference point</b>. LR datasets are represented by an average of 3 replicates ±SD. Closed circuit MFCs were marked by gray circles. The star * symbol indicates the first trial, while labels without symbol indicate the second trial. The data between oc3 and k3 are shown disconnected, since the two cascades were independent (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176475#pone.0176475.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>), i.e. the effluent from oc3 did not flow into k3. ORP data are shown for Trial 2 only, due to technical problems of measurement during Trial 1.</p

Monitoring of viability and luminescence of <i>S</i>. <i>enteritidis</i> on the biofilm surface.

<p>Monitoring of viability and luminescence of <i>S</i>. <i>enteritidis</i> on the biofilm surface.</p

Temporal power performance of the individual MFCs in the cascade system observed during the first (a) and the second (b) trial.

<p>Temporal power performance of the individual MFCs in the cascade system observed during the first (a) and the second (b) trial.</p

Schematic representation of the experimental setup.

<p>Schematic representation of the experimental setup.</p

On-Chip Determination of C‑Reactive Protein Using Magnetic Particles in Continuous Flow

We demonstrate the application of a multilaminar flow platform, in which functionalized magnetic particles are deflected through alternating laminar flow streams of reagents and washing solutions via an external magnet, for the rapid detection of the inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP). The two-step sandwich immunoassay was accomplished in less than 60 s, a vast improvement on the 80–300 min time frame required for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the 50 min necessary for off-chip magnetic particle-based assays. The combination of continuous flow and a stationary magnet enables a degree of autonomy in the system, while a detection limit of 0.87 μg mL^–1 makes it suitable for the determination of CRP concentrations in clinical diagnostics. Its applicability was further proven by assaying real human serum samples and comparing those results to values obtained using standard ELISA tests

A 3 × 3 grid of equivalent circuit cells.

<p>A 3 × 3 grid of equivalent circuit cells.</p

The three operation regions of the MFC-based scheme.

<p>A: Low input bias resulting state ‘0’. B: Intermediate input bias resulting state ‘1’. C: High input bias resulting state ‘0’.</p

The results of the grid initialized to oscillate as a GoL blinker.

<p>The results of the grid initialized to oscillate as a GoL blinker.</p

The three operation regions of the equivalent circuit.

<p>A: Low current input resulting state ‘0’. B: Intermediate current input resulting state ‘1’. C: High input current resulting state ‘0’.</p