Clinical Approach of Laser Application in Different Aspects of Pediatric Dentistry

The application of laser in dentistry is considered as a favorable technique for patients due to its many advantages compare to other current methods. One of the main goals in pediatric dentistry is to provide the treatment as comfortable as possible without any risks for the care. Laser is being used in different pediatric dental conditions including caries detection, caries removal and cavity preparation, soft tissue surgery and in low level laser therapy applications. The application of current common lasers in dentistry resulted in less stress and fear in patients during dental procedures, also leading to more conservative non-invasive methods for soft and hard tissues with minimal discomfort and bleedin

Anatomic Features of C-shaped Mandibular Second Molars in a Selected Iranian Population Using CBCT

Introduction: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the frequency of C-shaped root canal configuration and characterize mandibular root canal morphology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with 3D images in an Iranian population. Methods and Materials: This study consisted of retrospective evaluation of CBCT images from 231 adult patients (153 with bilateral second mandibular molars). Two endodontists examined 384 mandibular second molars of a population in Tabriz, Iran to determine the presence of C-shaped canals and their anatomical characteristics. Root canal configurations were categorized at three different levels. Bilateral or unilateral occurrence of C-shaped canals and their relationship to gender, age and tooth position were examined and statistically analyzed using chi squared test and Fisher’s exact test in SPSS 17. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Of 384 mandibular second molars examined, 82 (21.4%) molars from 58 patients had a C-shaped root canal configuration. The prevalence of bilateral C-shaped canals was 15.6% amongst 153 patients with bilateral mandibular second molars. There were no significant differences in the distribution of C-shaped canals with respect to gender or age (P=0.06 and P=0.86, respectively). Only 4 teeth (4.9%) had the same root canal configuration from the orifice to the apex. In the remainder of the teeth, the cross-sectional root canal configuration changed at different levels of the root. Conclusion: There were significant variations in the number of roots and canal morphology in mandibular second molars, which should be considered during debridement and obturation of the root canal system.Keywords: C-shaped Canal; Canal Configuration; Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Mandibular Second Mola

Knowledge and practice regarding dental radiological waste disposal among dental specialists and general dentists in Amol and Babol cities

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge and practice about dental radiological wastes that are dangerous to the environment. Materials &Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018-19. All participants completed a two sections’ (knowledge and practice) checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Totally, 204 (73.5% general dentists and 26.5% specialist) dentists from Amol (35.8%) and Babol (64.2%) participated. The mean age of participants was 39.2 (SD± 10.9) years, and 59.2% of them were female. The average percentage of dentists’ knowledge and practice about radiological waste disposal was 42.55 and 43.12% respectively. Gender, work experience, special or general degree, and city of clinical activity had no significant effect on dentists’ knowledge and practice (P>0.05). Conclusion: More than half of dentists had no correct knowledge and practice on how to dispose radiological wastes. It is necessary to develop specific approaches such as workshops and training classes

تعهدگریزی اخلاقی در پزشکی و پرستاری: مروری روایتی

Background and Aim: Moral disengagement includes the cognitive mechanisms which are formed in the doer’s mind while performing unethical actions or deciding not to perform ethical actions, which influences the occurrence of unethical actions or not performing ethical behaviors. The Present study aims to narratively review the studies that have examined the role of this variable in medical and nursing settings. Methods: Through Google scholar and PubMed databases, besides using the search section of the websites of the journals related to medical and nursing ethics, the keywords moral disengagement, medical ethics and nursing ethics were searched; the articles which had studied moral disengagement in medicine and nursing until 2022 were reviewed. Ethical Considerations: The results of the studies have been mentioned without bias, while observing trustworthiness in reporting the contents of the articles. Results: Moral disengagement was found to be prevalent among the nurses and the physicians. Moral disengagement was accompanied by decreasing moral reasoning, behaviors and traits, as well as increasing unethical and unproductive behaviors among the physicians and the nurses. In addition, these mechanisms increased in the medical environments with higher levels of stress, more perceived injustice and higher power. On the other hand, they decreased in managerial conditions in the form of moral leadership. These mechanisms were more prevalent among the physicians and the nurses who had stress, unstable moods, negative emotions, as well as the desire for power. Conclusion: Considering the modifiability of moral disengagement through certain educational interventions, it is necessary to add some lessons or courses in order to introduce and reduce the mechanisms of moral disengagement in academic programs and the in-service courses of doctors and nurses In addition, considering the role of variables such as job stress, perceived injustice and having uncontrolled power, it can be possible to reduce the aforementioned variables and consequently, moral disengagement through applying certain management reforms such as applying ethical leadership. Please cite this article as: Azimpour A, Karimian N, Azarnioushan M, Johari L. Moral Disengagement in Medicine and Nursing: A Narrative Review. Faṣlnāmah-i akhlāq-i pizishkī, i.e., Quarterly Journal of Medical Ethics. 2022; 16(47): e9.زمینه و هدف: تعهدگریزی اخلاقی شامل سازوکارهایی شناختی است که هنگام انجام اعمال غیر اخلاقی و یا تصمیم به عدم انجام اعمال اخلاقی، در ذهن فرد شکل گرفته و در بروز رفتاهای غیر اخلاقی یا عدم انجام رفتارهای اخلاقی تأثیر دارد. پژوهش حاضر به مرور روایتی تحقیقاتی می‌پردازد که نقش این متغیر در موقعیت‌های پزشکی و پرستاری را بررسی کرده‌اند. روش: از طریق پایگاه‌های داده Google Scholar، Pubmed و همچنین با مراجعه به قسمت جستجوی تارنمای مجلات مرتبط با اخلاق پزشکی و پرستاری، واژه کلیدی Moral Disengagement در کنار Medical Ethics و Nursing Ethics جستجو شد و مقالاتی که تا سال ۲۰۲۲ تعهدگریزی اخلاقی را در پزشکی و پرستاری بررسی کرده بودند، بازبینی شد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: نتایج پژوهش‌ها بدون سوگیری و با رعایت امانتداری در گزارش محتوای مقالات، ذکر شد. یافته‌ها: مرور مطالعات نشان داد تعهدگریزی اخلاقی در بین پزشکان و پرستاران رایج بود. تعهدگریزی اخلاقی با کاهش استدلال‌ها، رفتارها و صفات اخلاقی و افزایش رفتارهای غیر اخلاقی و غیر مولد پزشکان و پرستاران همراه بود، به علاوه این سازوکارها در محیط‌های درمانی با استرس و احساس بی‌عدالتی بیشتر و همچنین قدرت بالاتر افزایش یافته و در شرایط مدیریتی به شکل رهبری اخلاقی کاهش می‌یافت. این سازوکارها در پزشکان و پرستارانی با استرس، نااستواری خلق، عاطفه منفی و همچنین میل به قدرت، بیشتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به قابل اصلاح‌بودن تعهدگریزی اخلاقی از طریق برخی مداخلات آموزشی، لازم است با اضافه‌کردن برخی دروس یا دوره‌های آموزشی به آشناسازی و کاهش سازوکارهای تعهدگریزی اخلاقی در دوره‌های تحصیلی و ضمن خدمت پزشکان و پرستاران مبادرت ورزید، به علاوه با توجه به نقش متغیرهایی چون استرس کاری، بی‌عدالتی ادراک شده و داشتن قدرت بی‌‌حد ‌و حصر، شاید بتوان با اعمال برخی اصلاحات مدیریتی چون اعمال رهبری اخلاقی، متغیرهای فوق و به تبع آن تعهدگریزی اخلاقی را کاهش داد

The Association between Dietary Antioxidant Indices and Cardiac Disease: Baseline Data of Kharameh Cohort Study

Abstract Background: Oxidative stress contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease. Tools for evaluating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative characteristics of an individual’s diet as a whole may be valuable for assessing the combined effects of dietary antioxidants on health. This population-based study aimed to investigate the association between dietary antioxidants and cardiac disease. Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study, 10439 individuals aged 40-70 years were recruited during 2014-2017 in Kherameh cohort study which is a part of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN). The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 130 food items was used to assess the dietary intakes. Vitamin A, E, C, selenium, zinc and Manganese intakes were used to compute dietary antioxidant index (DAI) and dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQs). Results: The participants’ mean age was 52.1± 8.3 years. Among all, 4356 (41.7%) were overweight and 1892 (18.1%) were obese. According to the results, odds of cardiac diseases decreased by increasing DAI score (OR=0.80, Pvalue <0.001). , Odds of cardiac diseases increased by lower DAQS after  adjusting for demographic variables including age, sex, BMI, Marital status and hypertension (OR=0.799, P value=0.002) Conclusion: The role of anti-oxidants in reducing the odds of cardiovascular disease is very important. Our results highlighted that DAQS and DAI had protective effect on the odds of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is suggested that anti-oxidants as zinc, manganese, selenium, and vitamins A, E and C should be taken through food to reduce the risk of the disease

Study of fiber packing density of lyocell ring-spun yarns

The study of yarn structure and related yarn properties has been the subject of much research. However, the study of the fiber packing density, which has practical significance for a number of yarns and their characteristics, has been limited to circular yarns because of the disordered yarn structure. In this paper, the fiber packing density of lyocell ring-spun yarns is determined with the image analysis method. This method does not have any limitation with regard to the fiber cross-sectional shape. The effect of yarn count, twist factor, spindle speed, traveler weight and front roller diameter on the fiber packing density in the yarn cross-section is analyzed. The results of this paper and the data published in other scientific works are in good agreement. © 2011 The Textile Institute

Coordination contract for a competitive pharmaceutical supply chain considering corporate social responsibility and pricing decisions

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and pricing decisions are proposed for a competitive two-level pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) comprising two pharma-manufacturers and one pharma-retailer. In the investigated PSC, the pharma-manufacturers competitively invest in the CSR effort to produce a new medicine and sell two substitutable products to the market through the pharma-retailer, deciding on selling prices of manufacturers’ products. The PSC under consideration is modeled in three decision-making structures, i.e., decentralized, centralized, and coordinated models. In the decentralized model, the pricing and CSR decisions are individually obtained using a pharma-manufacturers–Stackelberg game structure. In the centralized model as a benchmark, the best performance of the entire PSC system is achieved. Finally, to encourage all PSC members to agree on the coordination plan, a CSR cost-sharing contract is proposed. Our results reveal that under competitive environment, the proposed CSR cost-sharing contract is able to increase market demand by significantly decreasing selling prices and increasing level of the CSR efforts

Developing a new suit sizing system using neural network

Manufacturing garments has the highest added value in the textile industry. Presently, most sizing systems are outdated, so each country needs to develop a new sizing system for its people. The main goal of this work was to present the new sizing chart for Iranian male suites using an artificial neural network. 10 effective sizing variables for producing suits are determined, and then all different body sizes are clustered using the Kohonen neural network. Aggregate loss is used as a tool to measure fitness of the newly obtained sizing chart. The results have a good coverage on Iranian body types, and could be used as a reference for apparel companies in Iran and other companies which produce suit for Iranian males

Relationship between Spiritual Health and Academic Achievement among Students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Spiritual health is one of the four dimensions of health and it is a way to deal with stress during education. Considering the effect of cultural and geographical factors on both the spiritual health and educational achievement study was done to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and academic achievement of students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2018. Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical and cross Population was 2100 students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and the sample size was 330 and they were selected from the fields of medicine, dentistry, paramedical, nursing and health by simple random method. For collection of data, a form of information including demographic variables was used. A self-regulatory in learning and spiritual well-being scale (SWBS) questionnaire was employed. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean spirituality well-being score was 81.27 ± 17.43, of 120 which 82.4% of the subjects had a moderate score (41-99). Spiritual health and age (P=./0001), academic years (P=./005) gender (P=./0001), place of residence (P=./008) and father's education(P=./012) were among the significant relationships. The mean self-regulation score for learning was 94.91 ± 13.61. There was also a positive and significant correlation between spiritual health and self-regulation in learning (r=./22 , p=./001) Conclusion: Considering the role of spiritual health in positivism, creating relaxation and helping to improve individual performance, it seems that spiritual health needs to be introduced in educational and cultural planning, especially in the field of practice