Mean values in RLS severity (IRLS), quality of life (SF-36), depression (CES-D) and sleep (PSQI) scales at baseline 12-months, 24-months and 36-months follow-up.

a<p>p-value for difference between assessments according to one-way repeated measures ANOVA.</p

Mean IRLS^a score according to six age groups at baseline, 6-, 12- 24- and 36-months follow-up.

<p>Mean IRLS^a score according to six age groups at baseline, 6-, 12- 24- and 36-months follow-up.</p

Figure 2

<p>A) Short term variation of the RLS minimal criterion “urge to move” in the 7-day diary, according to IRLS^a score and time of the day. B) Short term variation of the RLS minimal criterion “dysaesthesia” in the 7-day diary according IRLS^a score and time of the day.</p

Clinical characteristics and differences in health status according to changes in RLS severity (IRLS^c) over 36 months.

<p>*p for differences between the 3 groups derived from one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) unless otherwise noted.</p>a<p>Chi-square test for the difference between gender.</p>b<p>Change in the International Restless Legs Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale for severity of RLS between baseline and 36 months follow-up: worsening = increase in score by >5 points, unchanged = change in score not more than ±5 points, improving =  decrease in score >5 points.</p>c<p>International Restless Legs Study Group Rating Scale for severity of RLS (IRLS).</p

Characteristics of the COR-Study participants at baseline.

a<p>based on self-reported weight and height.</p>b<p>self-reported physician diagnosis.</p

Sleep-wake functions and quality of life in patients with subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) are frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on SWD is poorly known. In this study we examined the subjective and objective sleep-wake profile and the quality of life (QoL) of PD patients in the context of subthalamic DBS.</p><p>Patients and methods</p><p>We retrospectively analyzed data from PD patients and candidates for DBS in the nucleus suthalamicus (STN). Pre-DBS, sleep-wake assessments included subjective and objective (polysomnography, vigilance tests and actigraphy) measures. Post-DBS, subjective measures were collected. QoL was assessed using the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) and the RAND SF-36-item Health Survey (RAND SF-36).</p><p>Results</p><p>Data from 74 PD patients (62% male, mean age 62.2 years, SD = 8.9) with a mean UPDRS-III (OFF) of 34.2 (SD = 14.8) and 11.8 (SD = 4.5) years under PD treatment were analyzed. Pre-DBS, daytime sleepiness, apathy, fatigue and depressive symptoms were present in 49%, 34%, 38% and 25% of patients respectively but not always as co-occurring symptoms. Sleep-wake disturbances were significantly correlated with QoL scores. One year after STN DBS, motor signs, QoL and sleepiness improved but apathy worsened. Changes in QoL were associated with changes in sleepiness and apathy but baseline sleep-wake functions were not predictive of STN DBS outcome.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In PD patients presenting for STN DBS, subjective and objective sleep-wake disturbances are common and have a negative impact on QoL before and after neurosurgery. Given the current preliminary evidence, prospective observational studies assessing subjective and objective sleep-wake variables prior to and after DBS are needed.</p></div

Association of baseline sleep-wake variables with DBS motor and QoL outcome.

<p>Association of baseline sleep-wake variables with DBS motor and QoL outcome.</p

Association of baseline sleep-wake variables with DBS motor and QoL outcome.

<p>Association of baseline sleep-wake variables with DBS motor and QoL outcome.</p

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients (n = 74).

<p>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients (n = 74).</p

Pearson correlations of baseline sleep-wake scores with QoL measures.

<p>Pearson correlations of baseline sleep-wake scores with QoL measures.</p