Multilingualism in Greater Poland court records (1386-1448): tagging discourse boundaries and code-switching

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Neurocognitive dysfunctions and functional state of patients after internal carotid endarterectomy

Introduction. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a method of treatment of carotid stenosis, which significantlyreduces the risk of ischemic stroke. This procedure may affect the patient’s neurocognitive functioning. Theaim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of neurocognitive disorders and to determine the functionalstatus of the patients undergoing CEA. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 102 people who underwent CEA. Studies wereperformed preoperatively and repeated on the fourth postoperative day. The following scales were used: theMini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL), Instrumental Activities of DailyLiving (IADL) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Results. The average number of points obtained by patients in the MMSE, both before and after surgery is26 points to 30 that may be obtained, which shows a subtle cognitive impairment. Almost every patient showedfitness both in terms of basic (ADL), as well as complex (IADL) activities before and after surgery. Conclusions. Low or average level of cognitive performance is observed in most subjects, both before andafter CEA. There are many different factors that can affect the cognitive functions. The functional status ofpatients stood without significant changes

Novel approach to automated flow titration for the determination of Fe(III)

A novel approach to automated flow titration with spectrophotometric detection for the determination of Fe(III) is presented. The approach is based on the possibility of strict and simultaneous control of the flow rates of sample and titrant streams over time. It consists of creating different but precisely defined concentration gradients of titrant and analyte in each successively formed monosegments, and is based on using the calculated titrant dilution factor. The procedure was verified by complexometric titration of Fe(III) in the form of a complex with sulfosalicylic acid, using EDTA as a titrant. Fe(III) and Fe(II) (after oxidation to Fe(III) with the use of H2O2) were determined with good precision (CV lower than 1.7%, n = 6) and accuracy ( | RE | lower than 3.3%). The approach was applied to determine Fe(III) and Fe(II) in artesian water samples. Results of determinations were consistent with values obtained using the ICP–OES reference method. Using the procedure, it was possible to perform titration in 6 min for a wide range of analyte concentrations, using 2.4 mL of both sample and titrant

Poland: Regulation on unfair contractual practices in the food retail sector - An answer to inefficient private enforcement or an example of good regulation?

The article focuses on relatively new law in Poland aimed at elimination of unfair commercial practices in relations between undertakings in the agricultural and food products supply chain, thus at protection of weaker players - farmers and small suppliers. The Act on counteracting the unfair use of contractual advantage in the trade in agricultural and food products specifies a basis for the public enforcement of the prohibition against such practices and provides for possibility of imposition of relatively high fines. The article introduces the background of the introduction of the Act, the scope of its provisions and briefly analyses reported decisions of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) issued during more than two years after the Act entered into force. In most cases, undertakings voluntarily undertook to promptly change their practices and improve the situation of their contractors, and in this way avoiding financial penalties. However, the first fine in the highest possible amount was recently imposed. The President of UOKiK is still conducting seven proceedings

Ochrona tajemnicy przedsiębiorstwa w postępowaniach przed Prezesem UOKiK

Artykuł ma na celu omówienie obowiązujących standardów w zakresie ochrony tajemnicy przedsiębiorstwa w postępowaniu przed Prezesem UOKiK oraz w postępowaniu odwoławczym przed SOKiK, a także przedstawienie uwag odnoszących się zarówno do stosowania samych przepisów, jak i ich nowelizacji. Prezentacja aktualnych regulacji została uzupełniona o planowane zmiany, w związku z implementacją Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) 2016/943 z 8 czerwca 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony niejawnego know-how i niejawnych informacji handlowych (tajemnicy przedsiębiorstwa) przed ich bezprawnym pozyskiwaniem, wykorzystaniem i ujawnianiem. Dokonana analiza wskazuje, że uzasadnione byłoby wprowadzenie rozwiązań, które zwiększą kontrolę sądową nad działaniami Prezesa UOKiK w przypadkach ograniczenia prawa wglądu do materiału dowodowego z urzędu, a także zwiększą kontrolę nad przestrzeganiem prawa przez organ antymonopolowy. Ze względu na konflikt prawa do obrony, zasady jawności postępowania i prawa do ochrony tajemnicy przedsiębiorstwa autorki postulują także doprecyzowanie obecnie obowiązujących przepisów

Gender differences in post-operative human skin

Although the impact of age, gender, and obesity on the skin wound healing process has been extensively studied, the data related to gender differences in aspects of skin scarring are limited. The present study performed on abdominal human intact and scar skin focused on determining gender differences in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) accumulation, and Foxn1 expression as a part of the skin response to injury. Scar skin of men showed highly increased levels of COLLAGEN 1A1, COLLAGEN 6A3, and ELASTIN mRNA expression, the accumulation of thick collagen I-positive fibers, and the accumulation of $\alpha$-SMA-positive cells in comparison to the scar skin of women. However, post-injured skin of women displayed an increase (in comparison to post-injured men’s skin) in collagen III accumulation in the scar area. On the contrary, women’s skin samples showed a tendency towards higher levels of adipogenic-related genes ($PPAR\gamma$, FABP4, LEPTIN) than men, regardless of intact or scar skin. Intact skin of women showed six times higher levels of LEPTIN mRNA expression in comparison to men intact (p < 0.05), men post-injured (p < 0.05), or women post-injured scar (p < 0.05) skin. Higher levels of FOXN1 mRNA and protein were also detected in women than in men’s skin. In conclusion, the present data confirm and extend (dWAT layer) the data related to the presence of differences between men and women in the skin, particularly in scar tissues, which may contribute to the more effective and gender-tailored improvement of skin care interventions

The advantages and disadvantages of using a CO2 laser in endoscopic treatment of laryngeal cancer: a literature review

Introduction: The use of a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser combined with a microscope has revolutionized the surgical approach in treating larynx lesions. This method is mainly used in malignant and premalignant lesions in the larynx. The CO2 laser is also commonly used to widen the glottis and in palliative surgery. Aim of study: The purpose of our study was to show advantages and disadvantages of using a CO2 laser in surgery for laryngeal cancer while analyzing available literature. Material and methods: An unsystematic review of Polish and English-language scientific literature was carried out. Electronic databases: SCOPUS, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched using keywords: laser surgery, CO2 laser, laryngeal cancer, larynx. Description of the state of knowledge: CO2 laser microsurgery is characterized by precision and a high safety profile. Low tracheotomy rate, preservation of the closed anatomical area of the neck, makes the operation lightly burdening, shortens the time of hospitalization and recovery. Moreover, it minimizes costs and has a positive impact on the quality of life. The disadvantages of using a CO2 laser mainly relate to transient perioperative and postoperative complications. Disturbances in voice emission clearly have a negative impact on functioning in society. The use of a carbon dioxide laser in the presence of anesthetic gases creates the risk of ignition in the respiratory tract, tissue burns or attachment of the endotracheal tube. Conclusions: The use of a CO2 laser in the treatment of larynx lesions has advantages and disadvantages. The benefits of this technique outweigh the rare complications. Side effects are usually minor and transient but may lead to damage to health. It is worth remembering that only early neoplastic lesions are operated with the CO2 laser, which emphasizes the essence of prevention. Key words: laser surgery; CO2 laser; laryngeal cancer; laryn

Pseudohemangioma of the head - diagnostic difficulties in a pediatric patient with Ewing’s sarcoma of the scalp: case report

Introduction: Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is the second most common malignant bone tumor of childhood and adolescence. Typically, ES affects the long bones, pelvis and the trunk. Primary location in the scalp is rare. Aim of study: The aim of our study is to focus on the case of a pediatric patient with Ewing's sarcoma located in the scalp, which adopted a cavernous angioma mask, and to assess the available knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of the extracostal ES located in the scalp. Material and methods: The research method was a case study. The research material was the patient's medical record, and the technique used was an analysis. An unsystematic review of Polish and English-language scientific literature was conducted. Electronic databases: PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: sarcoma, Ewing, hemangioma, pseudohemangioma, the head, the scalp. Results: When the girl was 6 months old, a tubercle appeared on her head. It was asymptomatic, but gradually increased. Imaging studies suggested the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma. The tumor did not respond to treatment and still was growing. A decision was made to include resection. The upward tumor underwent histopathology with immunohistochemical assessment and genetic testing. The result pointed to extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma. Conclusions: Despite the few cases described in the literature, remember about atypical locations of primary Ewing sarcoma such as scalp. Making the right diagnosis was a challenge for the multi-specialist team of doctors. Histopathological examination supplemented by immunohistochemical assessment and genetic testing gave a definitive diagnosis and enabled proper treatment