65 research outputs found
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Short- and Long-Range Attractive Forces That Influence the Structure of Montmorillonite Osmotic Hydrates
Clay
swelling is a colloidal phenomenon that has a large influence
on flow and solute migration in soils and sediments. While models
for clay swelling have been proposed over many years, debate remains
as to the interaction forces that combine to produce the observed
swelling behavior. Using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy
(cryo-TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering, we study the influence
of salinity, in combination with layer charge, interlayer cation,
and particle size, on montmorillonite swelling. We observe a decrease
in swelling with increased layer charge, increased cation charge,
and decreased cation hydration, each indicative of the critical influence
of Coulombic attraction between the negatively charged layers and
interlayer cations. Cryo-TEM images of individual montmorillonite
particles also reveal that swelling is dependent upon the number of
layers in a particle. Calculations of the van der Waals (vdW) interaction
based on new measurements of Hamaker coefficients confirm that long-range
vdW interactions extend beyond near-neighbor layer interactions and
result in a decrease in layer spacing with a larger number of layers.
This work clarifies the short- and long-range attractive interactions
that govern clay structure and ultimately the stability and permeability
of hydrated clays in the environment
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Mechanism of Ferric Oxalate Photolysis
IronĀ(III) oxalate, Fe<sup>3+</sup>(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub><sup>3ā</sup>, is
a photoactive metal organic complex
found in natural systems and used to quantify photon flux as a result
of its high absorbance and reaction quantum yield. It also serves
as a model complex to understand metal carboxylate complex photolysis
because the mechanism of photolysis and eventual production of CO<sub>2</sub> is not well understood for any system. We employed pump/probe
mid-infrared transient absorption spectroscopy to study the photolysis
reaction of the ironĀ(III) oxalate ion in D<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>2</sub>O up to 3 ns following photoexcitation. We find that intramolecular
electron transfer from oxalate to iron occurs on a sub-picosecond
time scale, creating ironĀ(II) complexed by one oxidized and two spectator
oxalate ligands. Within 40 ps following electron transfer, the oxidized
oxalate molecule dissociates to form free solvated CO<sub>2(aq)</sub> and a species inferred to be CO<sub>2</sub><sup>ā¢</sup>āÆ<sup>ā</sup> based on the appearance of a new vibrational absorption
band and <i>ab initio</i> simulation. This work provides
direct spectroscopic evidence for the first mechanistic steps in the
photolysis reaction and presents a technique to analyze other environmentally
relevant metal carboxylate photolysis reactions
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Development of an Enhanced Metaproteomic Approach for Deepening the Microbiome Characterization of the Human Infant Gut
The establishment of early life microbiota
in the human infant
gut is highly variable and plays a crucial role in host nutrient availability/uptake
and maturation of immunity. Although high-performance mass spectrometry
(MS)-based metaproteomics is a powerful method for the functional
characterization of complex microbial communities, the acquisition
of comprehensive metaproteomic information in human fecal samples
is inhibited by the presence of abundant human proteins. To alleviate
this restriction, we have designed a novel metaproteomic strategy
based on double filtering (DF) the raw samples, a method that fractionates
microbial from human cells to enhance microbial protein identification
and characterization in complex fecal samples from healthy premature
infants. This method dramatically improved the overall depth of infant
gut proteome measurement, with an increase in the number of identified
low-abundance proteins and a greater than 2-fold improvement in microbial
protein identification and quantification. This enhancement of proteome
measurement depth enabled a more extensive microbiome comparison between
infants by not only increasing the confidence of identified microbial
functional categories but also revealing previously undetected categories
Development of an Enhanced Metaproteomic Approach for Deepening the Microbiome Characterization of the Human Infant Gut
The establishment of early life microbiota
in the human infant
gut is highly variable and plays a crucial role in host nutrient availability/uptake
and maturation of immunity. Although high-performance mass spectrometry
(MS)-based metaproteomics is a powerful method for the functional
characterization of complex microbial communities, the acquisition
of comprehensive metaproteomic information in human fecal samples
is inhibited by the presence of abundant human proteins. To alleviate
this restriction, we have designed a novel metaproteomic strategy
based on double filtering (DF) the raw samples, a method that fractionates
microbial from human cells to enhance microbial protein identification
and characterization in complex fecal samples from healthy premature
infants. This method dramatically improved the overall depth of infant
gut proteome measurement, with an increase in the number of identified
low-abundance proteins and a greater than 2-fold improvement in microbial
protein identification and quantification. This enhancement of proteome
measurement depth enabled a more extensive microbiome comparison between
infants by not only increasing the confidence of identified microbial
functional categories but also revealing previously undetected categories
Recommended from our members
Development of an Enhanced Metaproteomic Approach for Deepening the Microbiome Characterization of the Human Infant Gut
The establishment of early life microbiota
in the human infant
gut is highly variable and plays a crucial role in host nutrient availability/uptake
and maturation of immunity. Although high-performance mass spectrometry
(MS)-based metaproteomics is a powerful method for the functional
characterization of complex microbial communities, the acquisition
of comprehensive metaproteomic information in human fecal samples
is inhibited by the presence of abundant human proteins. To alleviate
this restriction, we have designed a novel metaproteomic strategy
based on double filtering (DF) the raw samples, a method that fractionates
microbial from human cells to enhance microbial protein identification
and characterization in complex fecal samples from healthy premature
infants. This method dramatically improved the overall depth of infant
gut proteome measurement, with an increase in the number of identified
low-abundance proteins and a greater than 2-fold improvement in microbial
protein identification and quantification. This enhancement of proteome
measurement depth enabled a more extensive microbiome comparison between
infants by not only increasing the confidence of identified microbial
functional categories but also revealing previously undetected categories
Stable-Isotope Probing Reveals That Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Proteins and Lipids in a Microbial Community Are Different and Species-Specific
The fractionation of hydrogen stable
isotopes during lipid biosynthesis is larger in autotrophic than in
heterotrophic microorganisms, possibly due to selective incorporation
of hydrogen from water into NADĀ(P)ĀH, resulting in D-depleted lipids.
An analogous fractionation should occur during amino acid biosynthesis.
Whereas these effects are traditionally measured using gas-phase isotope
ratio on 1H-1H and 1H-2H, using an electrospray mass spectrometry-based
technique on the original biomolecular structure and fitting of isotopic
patterns we measured the hydrogen isotope compositions of proteins
from an acidophilic microbial community with organism specificity
and compared values with those for lipids. We showed that lipids were
isotopically light by ā260 ā° relative to water in the
growth solution; alternatively protein isotopic composition averaged
ā370 ā°. This difference suggests that steps in addition
to NADĀ(P)H formation contribute to D/H fractionation. Further, autotrophic
bacteria sharing 94% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity displayed statistically
significant differences in protein hydrogen isotope fractionation,
suggesting different metabolic traits consistent with distinct ecological
niches or incorrectly annotated gene function. In addition, it was
found that heterotrophic, archaeal members of the community had isotopically
light protein (ā323 ā°) relative to growth water and
were significantly different from coexisting bacteria. This could
be attributed to metabolite transfer from autotrophs and unknown aspects
of fractionation associated with iron reduction. Differential fractionation
of hydrogen stable isotopes into metabolites and proteins may reveal
trophic levels of members of microbial communities. The approach developed
here provided insights into the metabolic characteristics of organisms
in natural communities and may be applied to analyze other systems
Recommended from our members
Development of an Enhanced Metaproteomic Approach for Deepening the Microbiome Characterization of the Human Infant Gut
The establishment of early life microbiota
in the human infant
gut is highly variable and plays a crucial role in host nutrient availability/uptake
and maturation of immunity. Although high-performance mass spectrometry
(MS)-based metaproteomics is a powerful method for the functional
characterization of complex microbial communities, the acquisition
of comprehensive metaproteomic information in human fecal samples
is inhibited by the presence of abundant human proteins. To alleviate
this restriction, we have designed a novel metaproteomic strategy
based on double filtering (DF) the raw samples, a method that fractionates
microbial from human cells to enhance microbial protein identification
and characterization in complex fecal samples from healthy premature
infants. This method dramatically improved the overall depth of infant
gut proteome measurement, with an increase in the number of identified
low-abundance proteins and a greater than 2-fold improvement in microbial
protein identification and quantification. This enhancement of proteome
measurement depth enabled a more extensive microbiome comparison between
infants by not only increasing the confidence of identified microbial
functional categories but also revealing previously undetected categories
Recommended from our members
A Model for Nucleation When Nuclei Are Nonstoichiometric: Understanding the Precipitation of Iron Oxyhydroxide Nanoparticles
Despite years of
study, quantitative models for the nucleation
and growth of metal oxyhydroxide nanoparticles from aqueous solution
have remained elusive. The problem is complicated by surface adsorption,
which causes the stoichiometry of the nucleus to differ from that
of the bulk precipitate and causes the surface tension of the precipitate-water
interface to depend upon solution chemistry. Here we present a variation
of classical nucleation theory that can accommodate surface adsorption,
and apply it to understand the nucleation of Ī²-FeOOH (akaganeite)
nanoparticles from aqueous FeCl<sub>3</sub> solutions. We use small-angle
X-ray scattering (SAXS) to quantify nucleation rates over a range
of concentrations (5ā200 mM FeCl<sub>3</sub>) and temperatures
(47ā80 Ā°C), then apply our model to estimate the critical
nucleus size and surface tension at each condition. The surface tension
varies from 0.07 J/m<sup>2</sup> in 200 mM solutions to 0.16 J/m<sup>2</sup> in 5 mM solutions. This behavior indicates that the nuclei
contain an excess of Cl<sup>ā</sup> and H<sup>+</sup> relative
to the ideal FeOOH stoichiometry, and the coadsorption of Cl<sup>ā</sup> and H<sup>+</sup> is critical for reducing surface tension into
a range where classical nucleation pathways can operate. Furthermore,
we find that the surface tension can be roughly estimated from aqueous
solubility data alone, which may help to understand systems where
surface tension data is unavailable
Consensus population genome properties.
Ā§<p>Marker gene detection details are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061692#pone.0061692.s006" target="_blank">Table S6</a>.</p>*<p>Parenthetical values indicate cases where locally elevated depth of coverage suggests that assembly software may have compressed multiple 16S gene copies into a single locus.</p
Assembly-Driven Community Genomics of a Hypersaline Microbial Ecosystem
<div><p>Microbial populations inhabiting a natural hypersaline lake ecosystem in Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, Australia, have been characterized using deep metagenomic sampling, iterative <i>de novo</i> assembly, and multidimensional phylogenetic binning. Composite genomes representing habitat-specific microbial populations were reconstructed for eleven different archaea and one bacterium, comprising between 0.6 and 14.1% of the planktonic community. Eight of the eleven archaeal genomes were from microbial species without previously cultured representatives. These new genomes provide habitat-specific reference sequences enabling detailed, lineage-specific compartmentalization of predicted functional capabilities and cellular properties associated with both dominant and less abundant community members, including organisms previously known only by their 16S rRNA sequences. Together, these data provide a comprehensive, culture-independent genomic blueprint for ecosystem-wide analysis of protein functions, population structure, and lifestyles of co-existing, co-evolving microbial groups within the same natural habitat. The āassembly-drivenā community genomic approach demonstrated in this study advances our ability to push beyond single gene investigations, and promotes genome-scale reconstructions as a tangible goal in the quest to define the metabolic, ecological, and evolutionary dynamics that underpin environmental microbial diversity.</p></div
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