Gender Gaps in the Measurement of Public Opinion About Homosexuality in Cross-national Surveys: A Question-Wording Experiment

Measures of attitudes towards homosexuality in cross-national studies have received criticism for not being ‘gender-sensitive’. The current study used a split-ballot design allowing for separate analyses of the attitudes towards ‘gay men and lesbian women’, ‘gay men’, and ‘lesbian women’ in a pooled sample of 3,381 participants from Great Britain, Hungary, and Portugal. Analyses controlling for sociodemographics showed that differences in attitudes towards male and female targets were generally small and did not interact with the gender of the rater. In addition, results showed that men’s attitudes towards homosexuality were more strongly related to their gender ideology than women’s attitudes. Implications of these findings for cross-national studies measuring attitudes towards homosexuality are discussed

Pairwise distances (%) for internal transcribed spacer (lower left) and combined plastid (upper right) sequences from 19 <i>Saussurea</i> species.

<p>Pairwise distances (%) for internal transcribed spacer (lower left) and combined plastid (upper right) sequences from 19 <i>Saussurea</i> species.</p

The 50% majority rule consensus tree derived from Bayesian analysis of the combined plastid dataset.

<p>Posterior probabilities (PPs) and bootstrap percentages (BPs) are indicated above and below the branches, respectively.</p

<i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i> in the wild.

<p><i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i> in the wild.</p

Comparison of <i>Saussurea involucrata</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>bogedaensis</i>.

<p>Comparison of <i>Saussurea involucrata</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>bogedaensis</i>.</p

List of the primers used in this study.

<p>List of the primers used in this study.</p

Map showing the locations visited to obtain samples of <i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>involucrata</i>.

<p>Map showing the locations visited to obtain samples of <i>Saussurea bogedaensis</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>orgaadayi</i>, and <i>S</i>. <i>involucrata</i>.</p

Origins of materials (all these samples are from China) and GenBank accession numbers (ITS, <i>mat</i>K, <i>psb</i>A-<i>trn</i>H, and <i>trn</i>K).

<p>Origins of materials (all these samples are from China) and GenBank accession numbers (ITS, <i>mat</i>K, <i>psb</i>A-<i>trn</i>H, and <i>trn</i>K).</p

The 50% majority rule consensus tree derived from Bayesian analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer.

<p>Posterior probabilities (PPs) and bootstrap percentages (BPs) are indicated above and below the branches, respectively.</p

Holotype of <i>Saussurea bogedaensis (WYJ201607018)</i>.

<p>(A) Living plant; (B) Floret; (C) Inner pappus bristle; (D, E, F) Anthers. (G) Style branches; (H, I) Phyllaries; (J) Stem leaf margin.</p