Natural Gas

Natural gas is mostly formed from plankton—tiny water-dwelling organisms, including algae and protozoans—that accumulated on the ocean floor as they died. These organisms were slowly buried and compressed under layers of sediment. Over long periods of time, the pressure and heat generated by overlying sediments converted this organic material into natural gas. Natural gas frequently migrates through porous and fractured reservoir rock with petroleum and subsequently accumulates in underground reservoirs. Because natural gas and petroleum are formed by similar natural processes, these two hydrocarbons are often found together in underground reservoirs

Fair Resource Allocation in a Constrained Network

This dissertation focuses on the properties of the fairest semi-matchings in bipartite graphs. The previous works related to the semi-matching problem, mainly focus on the algorithms design to achieve one fairest semi-matching regarding one fairness measure. One big concern about the fairest semi-matchings is that whether they are always the fairest no matter which fairness measure is picked? This dissertation addresses this concern and proves the existence of a set of fairest semi-matching(s) which are universally agreed by all fairness measures. This work is our first main contribution. Then we studied on the set of fairest semi-matchings regarding how all of them are related or what they have in common. The main contributions achieved are: given a bipartite graph, from one arbitrary fairest semi-matching (which is easy to achieve), we can understand some important attributes for the entire set of fairest semi-matchings: 1) the classification of the edges in the bipartite graph - whether each edge is used by all, none, or some of the fairest semi-matchings; 2) the partition of user and resource vertices in the bipartite graph - the allocating of all the fairest semi-matchings are all within the partitions, and each user vertex has a very narrow quota range (at most differ by 1, and is predictable from the knowledge gained from one fairest semi-matching) among all the fairest semi-matchings. This work is our second main contribution. Furthermore, we consider the scenario of indivisible resources which indicates each resource can be split and allocated to maybe more than one user. In this work, we explore that the similarity between the set of fairest semi-matching and the set of fairest fractional allocations. And we conclude that the constant vertices partition across all the fairest semi-matchings is also constant across all the fairest fractional allocations - the allocating of all fairest semi-matchings and all the fairest fractional allocations are always within the partitions. Moreover, for each user, the difference of its quotas between one fairest semi-matching and one fairest fractional allocation is limited (either 0 or bound by 1) and predictable. This work is our third main contribution

Author Credit for Transdisciplinary Collaboration

<div><p>Transdisciplinary collaboration is the key for innovation. An evaluation mechanism is necessary to ensure that academic credit for this costly process can be allocated fairly among coauthors. This paper proposes a set of quantitative measures (e.g., t_credit and t_index) to reflect authors’ transdisciplinary contributions to publications. These measures are based on paper-topic probability distributions and author-topic probability distributions. We conduct an empirical analysis of the information retrieval domain which demonstrates that these measures effectively improve the results of harmonic_credit and h_index measures by taking into account the transdisciplinary contributions of authors. The definitions of t_credit and t_index provide a fair and effective way for research organizations to assign credit to authors of transdisciplinary publications.</p></div

Silver-Catalyzed Radical-Involved Cascade Cyclization of Diphenylphosphine with Cinnamamides: Access to 2‑Phosphinoyl‑3<i>H</i>‑pyrrolo[1,2‑<i>a</i>]indoles

A Ag-catalyzed phosphorus radical promoted cyclization of cinnamamides to give exclusively 2-phosphinoyl-3<i>H</i>-pyrrolo­[1,2-<i>a</i>]­indoles derivatives via a 5-endo-trig manner is described. This novel reaction leads to the simultaneous formation of C–C and C–P bonds in one step with excellent chemo- (only 5-endo) and diastereoselectivity (dr >20:1) under mild conditions in moderate to good yields

Segmented counts of the 100 top-ranked authors based on harmonic_credit.

<p>Note: The segments are not separated evenly because tied ranking cases are not uncommon in ranking lists. In each cell, the number means the counts of authors who have the same rank range in both ranking list of harmonic_credit and ranking list of t_credit_sum, and the percentage in brackets means the percentage of the counts of authors who have the same range in both ranking list.</p><p>Segmented counts of the 100 top-ranked authors based on harmonic_credit.</p

Segmented cumulative counts of the 100 top-ranked authors based on harmonic_credit.

<p>Note: The segments are not separated evenly because tied ranking cases are not uncommon in ranking lists. In each cell, the number means the counts of authors who have the same rank range in both ranking list of harmonic_credit and ranking list of t_credit_sum, and the percentage in brackets means the percentage of the counts of authors who have the same range in both ranking list.</p><p>Segmented cumulative counts of the 100 top-ranked authors based on harmonic_credit.</p

The comparision between ranks of t_index and h_index.

<p>The comparision between ranks of t_index and h_index.</p

Segmented counts of the 106 top-ranked authors based on h_index.

<p>Note: The segments are not separated evenly because tied ranking cases are not uncommon in ranking lists. In each cell, the number means the counts of authors who have the same rank range in both ranking list of h_index and ranking list of t_index, and the percentage in brackets means the percentage of the counts of authors who have the same range in both ranking list.</p><p>Segmented counts of the 106 top-ranked authors based on h_index.</p

The representative credit-assignment schemas’ distribution.

<p>The representative credit-assignment schemas’ distribution.</p

Examples of evaluating the author transdisciplinary contribution.

<p>Examples of evaluating the author transdisciplinary contribution.</p