Genetic Diversity of NHE1, Receptor for Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus, in Domestic Chicken and Wild Anseriform Species

<div><p>J subgroup avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) infects domestic chicken, jungle fowl, and turkey and enters the host cell through a receptor encoded by <i>tvj</i> locus and identified as Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1). The resistance to ALV-J in a great majority of examined galliform species was explained by deletions or substitutions of the critical tryptophan 38 in the first extracellular loop of NHE1, and genetic polymorphisms around this site predict the susceptibility or resistance of a given species or individual. In this study, we examined the NHE1 polymorphism in domestic chicken breeds and documented quantitative differences in their susceptibility to ALV-J <i>in vitro</i>. In a panel of chicken breeds assembled with the aim to cover the maximum variability encountered in domestic chickens, we found a completely uniform sequence of NHE1 extracellular loop 1 (ECL1) without any source of genetic variation for the selection of ALV-J-resistant poultry. In parallel, we studied the natural polymorphisms of NHE1 in wild ducks and geese because of recent reports on ALV-J positivity in feral Asian species. In anseriform species, we demonstrate a specific and highly conserved critical ECL1 sequence without any homologue of tryptophan 38 in accordance with the resistance of duck cells to prototype ALV-J. Last, we demonstrated that the new Asian strains of ALV-J have not evolved their envelope glycoprotein to the entry the duck cells. Our results contribute substantially to the current discussion of possible heterotransmission of ALV-J and its spill-over into the wild ducks and geese.</p></div

Alignment of the left part of ECL1 and adjacent TM1 of NHE1 in the duck and goose species.

<p>The deduced amino-acid sequences of ECL1 and corresponding chNHE1 amino-acids 11 to 58 are compared and aligned. The border between ECL1 and putative transmembrane domain TM1 is depicted by horizontal arrow. The W38 amino-acid residue in chNHE1 is shown as a vertical arrow. Amino acids matching the consensus sequence of anseriforms are on a gray background.</p

MOESM4 of Cytokine response to the RSV antigen delivered by dendritic cell-directed vaccination in congenic chicken lines

Additional file 4. List of primers used for RT-PCR in this study. Sequences of primers used in cytokine pattern analyses, primers length, amplicon size and amplified genes access PubMed database numbers

Host range of new J subgroup RCAS vectors in avian species^a.

<p>Host range of new J subgroup RCAS vectors in avian species<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150589#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

NHE1 allele in gray partridge contains deletion of W38 resembling the ALV-J resistant species in galliforms.

<p>The deduced gray partridge amino-acid sequence of ECL1 corresponding to chNHE1 amino-acids 23 to 104 are aligned to the sequences of eight galliform species analyzed previously (Kučerová et al., 2013). The susceptibility or resistance of galliform species is denoted (+) or (-), respectively. The borders between ECL1 and putative transmembrane domains TM1 and TM2 are shown. The W38 and P52 amino acid residues are denoted by vertical arrows. Amino acids matching the consensus sequence are on a gray background.</p

Differences in the susceptibility to ALV-J among embryo fibroblasts from inbred chicken lines.

<p>Infections were done with decreasing MOIs of RCAS(J)GFP and GFP+ cells were examined by FACS four d. p.i. MOIs of 0.1 (A) and 10 (B) are shown. The data represent a typical experiment done in one parallel for each inbred line and each time.</p

MOESM5 of Cytokine response to the RSV antigen delivered by dendritic cell-directed vaccination in congenic chicken lines

Additional file 5. Cytokine profiles of selected genes in progressor and regressor groups of immunized and non-immunized chickens. These data show the expression profiles of all observed cytokines in progressor and regressor groups of immunized and non-immunized chickens. The expression value after challenge was normalized to the basic value of expression in the day of challenge

image_1_Characterization of Chicken Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, a Long Missed Cytokine in Birds.jpeg

<p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine playing critical roles in host defense and acute and chronic inflammation. It has been described in fish, amphibians, and mammals but was considered to be absent in the avian genomes. Here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of the avian ortholog. The chicken TNF-α (chTNF-α) is encoded by a highly GC-rich gene, whose product shares with its mammalian counterpart 45% homology in the extracellular part displaying the characteristic TNF homology domain. Orthologs of chTNF-α were identified in the genomes of 12 additional avian species including Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and the synteny of the closely adjacent loci with mammalian TNF-α orthologs was demonstrated in the crow (Corvus cornix) genome. In addition to chTNF-α, we obtained full sequences for homologs of TNF-α receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1, TNFR2). chTNF-α mRNA is strongly induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of monocyte derived, splenic and bone marrow macrophages, and significantly upregulated in splenic tissue in response to i.v. LPS treatment. Activation of T-lymphocytes by TCR crosslinking induces chTNF-α expression in CD4⁺ but not in CD8⁺ cells. To gain insights into its biological activity, we generated recombinant chTNF-α in eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems. Both, the full-length cytokine and the extracellular domain rapidly induced an NFκB-luciferase reporter in stably transfected CEC-32 reporter cells. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence for the existence of a fully functional TNF-α/TNF-α receptor system in birds thus filling a gap in our understanding of the evolution of cytokine systems.</p

Iconography of Roman Coins during the Age of Constantinian Dynasty

(in English) The Roman coins minted during the reign of Constantinian Dynasty form remarkable and unique group by their motives. The aim of this work is to define and describe the motifs used on Roman coins in this period, classify the individual image groups and interpret their significance in terms of state propaganda. This work also notes the relationship between the coin images and transcriptions, the use of the mint marks as a part of the image content, and describes the relations between the coin images and contemporary sociopolitical phenomena and events

Additional file 9: Table S3. of Development of 5‘ LTR DNA methylation of latent HIV-1 provirus in cell line models and in long-term-infected individuals

Primers used for qPCR reactions. (PDF 167 kb