Association Between Social Media Use and Substance Use Among Middle and High School-Aged Youth

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to identify whether different aspects of social media use were associated with substance use among middle- and high school-aged youth. Methods: Participants were recruited from four Northeast U.S. middle schools and invited to complete an online survey in Fall 2019 and Fall 2020. We conducted separate adjusted logistic mixed effects models the substance use outcomes: ever use of alcohol, cannabis, e-cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, prescription drugs, and multiple substances. Our sample included N = 586 participants (52.7% female, 58% White). Results: Seeing a social media post about drugs/alcohol in the past-12-months was significantly associated with higher odds of ever using alcohol, cannabis, e-cigarettes, and multiple substance use. Total number of social media sites ever used was significantly associated with higher odds of ever using cannabis, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and multiple substances. Checking social media every hour or more was significantly associated with higher odds of ever using alcohol. Higher problematic internet use score was significantly associated with higher odds of ever using cannabis, e-cigarettes, and multiple substances. Online social support seeking score was not associated substance use. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for substance use prevention and social media literacy education and screening to begin early, ideally in elementary school before youth are using social media and substances.</p

Influence of the 1998 Financial Crisis on the Russian Banking Sector

Resumé For my master work I chose a topic from the Russian ekonomie sphere: The Influence of the 1998 Financial Crisis on the Russian Banking Sector. In 2006 the Russian banking sector celebrated the 15th anniversary of its existence. During that relative short interval experienced events that banking systems of other countries need decades to live through. I divided my master work into three parts - Banking sector in 1987-1997, Russian banking in critical year 1998 and New period (late 1998-2006). I also set the thesis that Russian financial crisis had a positive impact on banking in sense of its further stabilisation. First part is dedicated to events during interval 1987-1997. At the beginning of mentioned era was made a clue reform of Soviet banking and the two-tier banking system arose for the first time in the history. Since that we could speak about historical tradition of modem banking. In the opening part I dealed with turbulent development of banking system, which evolved in unfavourable ekonomie conditions. I mention banking legislative, huge growth of credit organisations, its illegal operations like money laundering or capital flight and I also describe the rise of banking financial-industrial groups headed by powerful Russian oligarchs. Oligarchs like Chodorkovsky, Potanin or Vinogradov..

Quality of Care of Hospitalized Internal Medicine Patients Bedspaced to Non-Internal Medicine Inpatient Units

<div><p>Background</p><p>When the number of patients requiring hospital admission exceeds the number of available department-allotted beds, patients are often placed on a different specialty's inpatient ward, a practice known as “bedspacing”. Whether bedspacing affects quality of patient care has not been previously studied.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We reviewed consecutive general internal medicine (GIM) admissions for congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Canada, from 2007 to 2011 and examined whether quality of care differs between bedspaced and nonbedspaced patients. We matched each bedspaced patient with a GIM ward patient admitted on the same call shift with the same diagnosis. The primary outcome was the ratio of the actual to the estimated length of stay (ELOS). General and disease specific measures for CHF, COPD, and pneumonia (e.g. fluid restriction) were evaluated, as well as 30-day Emergency Department (ED) and hospital readmissions.</p><p>Results</p><p>Overall, 1639 consecutive admissions were reviewed, and 39 matched pairs for CHF, COPD and pneumonia were studied. Differences in both general and disease specific care measures were not detected between groups. For many disease-specific comparisons, ordering and adherence to quality of care indicators was low in both groups.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We were unable to detect differences in quality of care between bedspaced and nonbedspaced patients. As high patient volumes and hospital overcrowding remains, bedspacing will likely continue. More research is required in order to determine if quality of care is compromised by this ongoing practice.</p></div

Disease specific process of care measures for general internal medicine (GIM) vs. bedspaced patients.

<p>*unmatched risk ratio reported because matching process was broken.</p><p>Disease specific process of care measures for general internal medicine (GIM) vs. bedspaced patients.</p

Admitting diagnosis and bedspace status of consecutive admissions to General Internal Medicine (GIM) (May 2007–March 2011).

<p>Admitting diagnosis and bedspace status of consecutive admissions to General Internal Medicine (GIM) (May 2007–March 2011).</p

Patient demographics of General Internal Medicine (GIM) ward and bedspaced patients.

<p>*Standard deviation (SD)</p><p>Binary and categorical data are presented as n(%), and continuous variables as mean (SD). Proportions may not add to 100% due to rounding.</p><p>Patient demographics of General Internal Medicine (GIM) ward and bedspaced patients.</p

General process of care measures for General Internal Medicine (GIM) ward vs. bedspaced patients.

A<p>p value, students' t-test; *unmatched analysis used for risk ratio.</p><p>N/A  =  statistical analysis or calculation was not applicable or appropriate.</p><p>General process of care measures for General Internal Medicine (GIM) ward vs. bedspaced patients.</p

Representation to Emergency Department (ED) and disposition of bedspaced and GIM ward patients within 30 days of initial discharge.

<p>Representation to Emergency Department (ED) and disposition of bedspaced and GIM ward patients within 30 days of initial discharge.</p

Alpha cell isodensity distribution under different experimental conditions.

<p>Alpha cell isodensity distribution under different experimental conditions.</p

Quantification of double labeling with microbeads and RBPMS in whole mount retinas.

<p>Quantification of double labeling with microbeads and RBPMS in whole mount retinas.</p