Flow diagram of included neuroimaging studies in chronic cannabis users.

<p>Flow diagram of included neuroimaging studies in chronic cannabis users.</p

Functional neuroimaging studies in chronic cannabis users.

<p>Note: Yr.  =  years; CU  =  Cannabis users; HC  =  Healthy controls; M  =  Male; F  =  Female; SD  =  Standard deviation; FL  =  Frontal lobe; PL  =  Parietal lobe; TL  =  Temporal lobe; OL  =  Occipital lobe; I  =  Insula; BG  =  Basal ganglia; Cb  =  Cerebellum; fMRI  =  Functional magnetic resonance imaging; SPECT  =  Single photon emission tomography; PET  =  Positron emission tomopgraphy; DSC  =  Dynamic susceptibility contrast; V_T  =  Distribution volume; BP_ND  =  Non-displaceable binding potential; FDG  =  Fludeoxyglucose; L  =  Left hemisphere; R  =  Right hemisphere; ROI  =  Region of interest; MSIT  =  Multi-Source Interference Task; CBF  =  Global cerebral blood flow; rCBF  =  Regional cerebral blood flow; BOLD  =  blood oxygenation-level dependent; NE  =  Not specified; PFC  =  Prefrontal cortex; DLPFC  =  Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; VMPFC  =  Ventromedial prefrontal cortex; OFC  =  Orbitofrontal cortex; ACC  =  Anterior cingulated cortex; NAcc  =  Nucleus accumbens; VS  =  Ventral striatum; STG  =  Superior temporal gyrus; SWM  =  Spatial working task; IGT  =  Iowa Gambling Task.</p>*<p>If not otherwise specified, results are presented in terms of chronic cannabis users.</p><p>○  =  Significant differences; ○  =  Non-significant differences;  =  Not examined.</p>**<p>Two subjects in the marijuana group met criteria for alcohol abuse.</p>***<p>Four teens in the chronic cannabis group met criteria for alcohol use disorder, two cases of abuse and two cases of dependence.</p>†<p>One control, three recent users and two abstinent users met criteria for alcohol use disorders.</p>†<p>Multiple comparison correction.</p

Tracing of the region of the Sylvian fissure overlaid on three orthogonal projections of a normalized brain.

<p>R indicates right hemisphere.</p

Between-group comparison of mean signal intensity and total volume for left and right Sylvian fissure (ROI analysis).

<p>ml: Milliliters; SD: Standard Deviation.</p

CSF coordinates of between-group differences using the ‘New Segment’ approach.

*<p>x, y, z denote coordinates in DARTEL-template space.</p>**<p>FWE corrected for multiple comparisons.</p

CSF volume alterations in melancholic patients observed using the ‘New Segment’ algorithm.

<p><b>Upper row.</b> Left Sylvian fissure CSF increases in melancholic patients. <b>Lower row.</b> CSF volume decreases in spaces surrounding the medial and lateral parietal cortices. Voxels with p<0.001 (uncorrected) are overlaid on the study specific DARTEL template. <i>x</i> and <i>z</i> denote coordinates in DARTEL-template space. The color bar represents t value. R indicates right hemisphere.</p

Brain Structural Alterations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients with Autogenous and Reactive Obsessions

<div><p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition. Although structural brain alterations have been consistently reported in OCD, their interaction with particular clinical subtypes deserves further examination. Among other approaches, a two-group classification in patients with autogenous and reactive obsessions has been proposed. The purpose of the present study was to assess, by means of a voxel-based morphometry analysis, the putative brain structural correlates of this classification scheme in OCD patients. Ninety-five OCD patients and 95 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were divided into autogenous (n = 30) and reactive (n = 65) sub-groups. A structural magnetic resonance image was acquired for each participant and pre-processed with SPM8 software to obtain a volume-modulated gray matter map. Whole-brain and voxel-wise comparisons between the study groups were then performed. In comparison to the autogenous group, reactive patients showed larger gray matter volumes in the right Rolandic operculum. When compared to healthy controls, reactive patients showed larger volumes in the putamen (bilaterally), while autogenous patients showed a smaller left anterior temporal lobe. Also in comparison to healthy controls, the right middle temporal gyrus was smaller in both patient subgroups. Our results suggest that autogenous and reactive obsessions depend on partially dissimilar neural substrates. Our findings provide some neurobiological support for this classification scheme and contribute to unraveling the neurobiological basis of clinical heterogeneity in OCD.</p></div

Global CSF and Total Intracranial volume in melancholic patients and healthy controls assessed with the different segmentation algorithms.

<p>ml: Milliliters; SD: Standard Deviation.</p

Clinical characteristics of melancholic patients.

<p>HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (17 items); MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; SSRI, Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors.</p

Diagram of the Social Judgment Task used in the fMRI session.

<p>Participants received social feedback based on the willingness to be met by other participants. Each facial stimulus (represented in by ovals instead of the originally presented faces) was presented for a total of 8 second-blocks, with an overlapping feedback symbol during the last 6 seconds. Acceptance, rejection or no-feedback (control condition) was indicated by a happy, sad, or neutral draw of a face. Originally presented images were contained in a preexisting face database: Martinez AM, Benavente R. The AR Face Database CVC Tech. Report #24 [Internet]. 1998. Available: <a href="http://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/~aleix/ARdatabase.html" target="_blank">http://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/~aleix/ARdatabase.html</a>.</p