25th Dynasty

The era of the 25th Dynasty during the eighth and seventh centuries BCE witnessed the annexation of Egypt by kings from the neighboring land of Kush. The phrase “Twenty-fifth Dynasty” may therefore refer to either this family of royals, the state they commanded, or the historical period of their rule, but in each case research has consistently focused on the regime’s foreign aspect and its possible effects. The sequence of discovery has also proven especially consequential: not only have sources known first to scholarship shaped the interpretation of evidence found later, but the modern political contexts of those earliest discoveries have left a lasting and often misleading impression upon subsequent understanding of the period. As a result, fundamental assumptions made by scholars during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been drawn into question during the twenty-first century through a reevaluation of that evidence, particularly in debates related to the dynasty’s origins, chronology, and statecraft

Designing a Functional Programming Architecture for the Internet of Things

As the Internet of Things (IoT) grows, so too do security concerns: as well as typically having access to sensors and actuators, IoT devices are often programmed using bug-prone, low-level languages. Such a combination results in vulnerabilities that pose risks to privacy and safety.This thesis aims to address this by making it possible to run high-level functional programs on IoT devices, a daunting prospect with traditional hardware due to the overheads of functional programming runtimes. To accomplish this, an architecture and partial implementation of a "natively functional" processor for IoT, named Cephalopode, is presented. The processor performs both graph reduction and garbage collection directly, without requiring an expensive software runtime.Implementing Cephalopode raised several opportunities for improving the process of hardware design. To that end, this thesis presents the finite state machine editor Stately and the high-level language Bifr\uf6st. Stately raises the level of abstraction of finite state machines enough to avoid a proliferation of edges during design, while maintaining efficiency and low-level control. Bifr\uf6st offers a higher-level approach to hardware design, allowing complex algorithmic processes—in particular those that communicate extensively with other components—to be described in an imperative language and compiled to an RTL-level circuit model

Compared to primaries, caucuses are less representative andmore likely to select an ideologically extreme nominee.

The next 19 months will see nearly endless speculation over the candidates and the outcome of the 2016 presidential election. But how important is the nomination process? In new research on presidential primaries and caucuses using data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, Christopher F. Karpowitz & Jeremy C. Pope find that compared to primaries, caucuses are seen by many voters as being less fair and more likely to advantage special interests, making them less representative, and more likely to attract more partisan voters. This in turn means that caucuses are more likely to select a more extreme nominee

Report to UNHCR Chad on proposals for livestock and animal owners in Eastern Chad.

Estimates of current livestock numbers owned by refugees in the 12 UNCHR camps in eastern Chad vary widely between 173,000 and 427,000 head, using data gathered by camp authorities. Finding adequate food for these animals is becoming an increasing challenge for their owners and is leading to increased tension between refugees and the host communities as they compete for already limited resources. The confinement of livestock within a relatively short distance from the camps is resulting in long-term environmental degradation resulting from over-exploitation of natural resources. Livestock mortality is very high due to high disease incidence exacerbated by poor nutrition. The application of traditional pastoralist management systems to an intensified livestock population is increasing the attrition of livestock, accelerating environmental degradation, increasing the risk of inter-ethnic conflict and, consequentially, failing to ensure that the most benefits possible in terms of added-value are being derived from the available livestock. Solutions to the problem of feeding the livestock belonging to refugees are made complex by the lack of incentive to invest in a region where camp dwellers have no land tenure rights and a strong desire to return home as soon as possible. In order to reduce conflict between refugees and the host community, solutions need to benefit both sectors.Due to the size of a camp and the concentration of dwellings in a small area, comparisons can be made with livestock keeping in a peri-urban environment. The over-grazing by the large numbers of livestock around the camps will result in degradation of the local environment and ultimately livestock may only be able to be kept by following a programme by refugee livestock owners of cutting and carrying available forage back to the immediate vicinity of the camps. An alternative, is that (as we shall later propose) fodder and crop residues are bought and brought in from outside the camp. However far more benefit would certainly derive from a planned programme of growing forage crops, either by the refugees, or endemic villagers who could then sell them to the refugees and gain a valuable additional income. However a balance has to be struck between what is currently an unsustainable situation, characterised by a excessive livestock population carrying out possibly long-term environmental degradation, versus support for an artificial system of livestock management, which will entail interventionary support and management, the planned and budgeted provision of supplementary feed and the perpetuation of a system which disconnects the refugees from their animal ownership and management traditions and knowledge. A series of recommendations will be made that are designed to reduce the overwhelming demand for forage in the short and medium term. If implemented, they should result in smaller, fitter herds of livestock that in the long term can be both more readily repatriated and readapted to the more favourable grazing conditions found in Western Sudan

Report to UNHCR Chad on proposals for livestock and animal owners in Eastern Chad.

Estimates of current livestock numbers owned by refugees in the 12 UNCHR camps in eastern Chad vary widely between 173,000 and 427,000 head, using data gathered by camp authorities. Finding adequate food for these animals is becoming an increasing challenge for their owners and is leading to increased tension between refugees and the host communities as they compete for already limited resources. The confinement of livestock within a relatively short distance from the camps is resulting in long-term environmental degradation resulting from over-exploitation of natural resources. Livestock mortality is very high due to high disease incidence exacerbated by poor nutrition. The application of traditional pastoralist management systems to an intensified livestock population is increasing the attrition of livestock, accelerating environmental degradation, increasing the risk of inter-ethnic conflict and, consequentially, failing to ensure that the most benefits possible in terms of added-value are being derived from the available livestock. Solutions to the problem of feeding the livestock belonging to refugees are made complex by the lack of incentive to invest in a region where camp dwellers have no land tenure rights and a strong desire to return home as soon as possible. In order to reduce conflict between refugees and the host community, solutions need to benefit both sectors.Due to the size of a camp and the concentration of dwellings in a small area, comparisons can be made with livestock keeping in a peri-urban environment. The over-grazing by the large numbers of livestock around the camps will result in degradation of the local environment and ultimately livestock may only be able to be kept by following a programme by refugee livestock owners of cutting and carrying available forage back to the immediate vicinity of the camps. An alternative, is that (as we shall later propose) fodder and crop residues are bought and brought in from outside the camp. However far more benefit would certainly derive from a planned programme of growing forage crops, either by the refugees, or endemic villagers who could then sell them to the refugees and gain a valuable additional income. However a balance has to be struck between what is currently an unsustainable situation, characterised by a excessive livestock population carrying out possibly long-term environmental degradation, versus support for an artificial system of livestock management, which will entail interventionary support and management, the planned and budgeted provision of supplementary feed and the perpetuation of a system which disconnects the refugees from their animal ownership and management traditions and knowledge. A series of recommendations will be made that are designed to reduce the overwhelming demand for forage in the short and medium term. If implemented, they should result in smaller, fitter herds of livestock that in the long term can be both more readily repatriated and readapted to the more favourable grazing conditions found in Western Sudan

Intercomparison and Evaluation of Satellite Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Observations in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important chemical species in the troposphere as it aids the long-range transport of NOx and subsequent formation of O3 in relatively clean remote regions. Over the past few decades observations from aircraft campaigns and surface sites have been used to better understand the regional distribution of PAN. However, recent measurements made by satellites allow for a global assessment of PAN in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS). In this study, we investigate global PAN distributions from two independent retrieval methodologies, based on measurements from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, on board Envisat from the Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester (UoL). Retrieving PAN from MIPAS is challenging due to the weak signal in the measurements and contamination from other species. Therefore, we compare the two MIPAS datasets with observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS), in situ aircraft data and the 3-D chemical transport model TOMCAT. MIPAS shows peak UTLS PAN concentrations over the biomass burning regions (e.g. ranging from 150 to \u3e 200 pptv at 150 hPa) and during the summertime Asian monsoon as enhanced convection aids the vertical transport of PAN from the lower atmosphere. At 150 hPa, we find significant differences between the two MIPAS datasets in the tropics, where IMK PAN concentrations are larger by 50-100 pptv. Comparisons between MIPAS and ACE-FTS show better agreement with the UoL MIPAS PAN concentrations at 200 hPa, but with mixed results above this altitude. TOMCAT generally captures the magnitude and structure of climatological aircraft PAN profiles within the observational variability allowing it to be used to investigate the MIPAS PAN differences. TOMCAT-MIPAS comparisons show that the model is both positively (UoL) and negatively (IMK) biased against the satellite products. These results indicate that satellite PAN observations are able to detect realistic spatial variations in PAN in the UTLS, but further work is needed to resolve differences in existing retrievals to allow quantitative use of the products. © Author(s) 2016

Health professionals' and managers' definitions of developmentally appropriate healthcare for young people:Conceptual dimensions and embedded controversies

Objectives: We aimed to (i) explore how health professionals and managers who work with young people seek to define developmentally appropriate healthcare (DAH), (ii) identify the range of conceptual dimensions present in their definitions and (iii) explore the controversies embedded in their characterisations of DAH. Methods: A qualitative multisite ethnographic study was conducted across three hospitals in England. We undertook face-to-face semi-structured interviews with health professionals and managers; and non-participant observation in clinics, wards and meetings. Anonymised field notes and interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. The theme conceptualisations of DAH' was then further analysed, and the resulting themes categorised to form conceptual dimensions. Results: We recruited 192 participants and conducted 65 interviews (41 with health professionals and 24 with managers) and approximately 1600 hours of non-participant observations (involving 103 health professionals and 72 managers). Despite the wide range of definitions provided by participants, five conceptual dimensions of DAH were identified: (i) biopsychosocial development and holistic care, (ii) acknowledgement of young people as a distinct group, (iii) adjustment of care as the young person develops, (iv) empowerment of the young person by embedding health education and health promotion and (v) interdisciplinary and interorganisational work. Also, some controversies were identified within most dimensions. Conclusions: This study illustrates the lack of a generalised definition of DAH for young people among UK health professionals and managers, and presents a set of five core dimensions that can inform future research to help define and evaluate DAH for young people