9 research outputs found
Guzy m贸zgu z punktu widzenia neurochirurga; przyczynek do chirurgicznego leczenia nowotwor贸w 艣r贸dczaszkowych
W pracy przedstawiono techniki s艂u偶膮ce pog艂臋bieniu diagnostyki guz贸w
m贸zgu oraz metody leczenia neurochirurgicznego nowotwor贸w
pierwotnych i przerzutowych m贸zgu. Do pierwszej grupy nale偶膮 metody
przeznaczone do analizy funkcji okre艣lonych obszar贸w m贸zgu:
1) mapowanie kliniczne i badanie 艣r贸doperacyjne obszar贸w elokwentnych,
czyli tylko tych - jak si臋 uwa偶a - kt贸re wi膮偶膮 si臋 bezpo艣rednio
z funkcj膮 mowy, ale te偶 takich, kt贸rych uszkodzenie prowadzi
do inwalidztwa; 2) metody farmakologiczne, s艂u偶膮ce okre艣leniu dominuj膮cej
p贸艂kuli m贸zgu. Zalicza si臋 do nich tak偶e metody strukturalnej
analizy nowotworu i jego otoczenia: biopsj臋 stereotaktyczn膮 i neuronawigacyjn膮,
biopsj臋 otwart膮, biopsj臋 endoskopow膮 oraz cytodiagnostyk臋
p艂ynu m贸zgowo-rdzeniowego kom贸r bocznych i zbiornika
wielkiego. Do drugiej grupy - metod terapeutycznych - nale偶膮:
kraniotomia, neuronawigacja, mikrochirurgia sprz臋偶ona z neuronawigacj膮,
neuronawigacja wspomagana badaniem ultrasonograficznym,
procedury endoskopowe, wszczepianie implantu terapeutycznego.
W artykule om贸wiono r贸wnie偶 chirurgiczne procedury paliatywne
w leczeniu guz贸w m贸zgu. W podsumowaniu autorzy podkre艣laj膮, 偶e
dalszy post臋p w terapii guz贸w glejowych m贸zgu nale偶y do metod
pozachirurgicznych - genetycznych czy farmakologicznych (aplikacja
terapeutyk贸w). Obowi膮zuj膮cy kanon trzech filar贸w terapeutycznych
w onkologii, czyli chirurgia, chemioterapia, radioterapia, i musi
by膰 traktowany w spos贸b kompleksowy
Diagnostic value of non-enhanced computed tomography in identifying location of ruptured cerebral aneurysm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Background. In patients with SAH and multiple aneurysms, the ruptured lesion must be identified to prevent recurrent bleeding.Aim of the study. To assess the diagnostic value of non-enhanced computed tomography (NECT) in identifying the rupture site in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and multiple aneurysms.Material and methods. We included patients with SAH revealed by NECT and multiple aneurysms detected on computed tomography angiography (CTA) in whom a ruptured aneurysm was identified during neurosurgery. Two radiologists predicted the location of the ruptured aneurysm based on the distribution of the SAH and location of intracerebral haematoma (ICH) by NECT.Results. Eighty-three patients with a mean age of 55.7 卤 14.4 years were included. Ruptured aneurysms were significantly larger (mean size 7.7 卤 4.7 mm) than unruptured aneurysms (mean size 5.9 卤 4.5 mm; p = 0.014). Interobserver agreement was 0.86 (p < 0.001). Overall sensitivity and specificity of radiological prediction were 78.3% (95% CI, 68.6%-87.1%) and 96.4% (95% CI, 94.3%-97.8%) respectively. Overall PPV and NPV were 78.3% (95% CI, 67.6%-86.3%) and 96.8% (95% CI, 94.8%-98.1%) respectively. The sensitivity and PPV for aneurysms in the anterior communicating, anterior, and middle cerebral arteries appeared to be significantly higher than in other locations (p = 0.015 and 0.019 respectively). Analysis of independent predictive factors of correct radiological location revealed that ICH predisposes to a correct radiological diagnosis with an odds ratio of 8.57 (95% CI, 1.07-68.99; p = 0.03).Conclusions. NECT has a high diagnostic value in identifying the source of bleeding in patients with multiple aneurysms for anterior circulation aneurysms, especially with coexisting ICH. For other locations, NECT is not reliable enough to base treatment decisions upon
The Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Glioma
Malignant glioma is a brain tumor with a very high mortality rate resulting from the specific morphology of its infiltrative growth and poor early detection rates. The causes of one of its very specific types, i.e., post-traumatic glioma, have been discussed for many years, with some studies providing evidence for mechanisms where the reaction to an injury may in some cases lead to the onset of carcinogenesis in the brain. In this review of the available literature, we discuss the consequences of breaking the blood–brain barrier and consequences of the influx of immune-system cells to the site of injury. We also analyze the influence of inflammatory mediators on the expression of genes controlling the process of apoptosis and the effect of chemical mutagenic factors on glial cells in the brain. We present the results of experimental studies indicating a relationship between injury and glioma development. However, epidemiological studies on post-traumatic glioma, of which only a few confirm the conclusions of experimental research, indicate that any potential relationship between injury and glioma, if any, is indirect
Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors in Women Have a Lower Expression of Fatty Acid Elongases <em>ELOVL2</em>, <em>ELOVL5</em>, <em>ELOVL6</em>, and <em>ELOVL7</em> than in Men
One line of research on the possible ways of inhibiting the growth of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a brain tumor with a very poor prognosis, is the analysis of its metabolism, such as fatty acid synthesis by desaturases and elongases. This study examines the expression of elongases ELOVL1, ELOVL2, ELOVL3, ELOVL4, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, and ELOVL7 in GBM tumor samples from 28 patients (16 men and 12 women), using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To demonstrate the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the tested elongases, U-87 MG cells were cultured in nutrient-deficient conditions and with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) as a hypoxia-mimetic agent. The results showed that the expression of ELOVL1 and ELOVL7 in the GBM tumor was lower than in the peritumoral area. The expression of six of the seven studied elongases differed between the sexes. Hypoxia increased the expression of ELOVL5 and ELOVL6 and decreased the expression of ELOVL1, ELOVL3, ELOVL4, and ELOVL7 in U-87 MG cells. These results indicate that the synthesis of fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in GBM tumors may be higher in men than in women. In contrast, the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFA) may be higher in women than in men
Perineuronal Nets and Their Role in Synaptic Homeostasis
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that are released by neurons and glial cells form perineuronal nets (PNNs) and modulate many neuronal and glial functions. PNNs, whose structure is still not known in detail, surround cell bodies and dendrites, which leaves free space for synapses to come into contact. A reduction in the expression of many neuronal ECM components adversely affects processes that are associated with synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. At the same time, increased ECM activity, e.g., as a result of astrogliosis following brain damage or in neuroinflammation, can also have harmful consequences. The therapeutic use of enzymes to attenuate elevated neuronal ECM expression after injury or in Alzheimer’s disease has proven to be beneficial by promoting axon growth and increasing synaptic plasticity. Yet, severe impairment of ECM function can also lead to neurodegeneration. Thus, it appears that to ensure healthy neuronal function a delicate balance of ECM components must be maintained. In this paper we review the structure of PNNs and their components, such as hyaluronan, proteoglycans, core proteins, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans, tenascins, and Hapln proteins. We also characterize the role of ECM in the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, neuronal communication, as well as the participation of PNNs in synaptic plasticity and some clinical aspects of perineuronal net impairment. Furthermore, we discuss the participation of PNNs in brain signaling. Understanding the molecular foundations of the ways that PNNs participate in brain signaling and synaptic plasticity, as well as how they change in physiological and pathological conditions, may help in the development of new therapies for many degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the brain
Androgen Receptor Expression in the Various Regions of Resected Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors and in an In Vitro Model
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant glioma, difficult to detect and with the lowest survival rates among gliomas. Its greater incidence among men and its higher survival rate among premenopausal women suggest that it may be associated with the levels of androgens. As androgens stimulate the androgen receptor (AR), which acts as a transcription factor, the aim of this study was the investigate the role of AR in the progression of GBM. The study was conducted on tissues collected from three regions of GBM tumors (tumor core, enhancing tumor region, and peritumoral area). In addition, an in vitro experiment was conducted on U-87 cells under various culture conditions (necrotic, hypoxic, and nutrient-deficient), mimicking the conditions in a tumor. In both of the models, androgen receptor expression was determined at the gene and protein levels, and the results were confirmed by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. AR mRNA expression was higher under nutrient-deficient conditions and lower under hypoxic conditions in vitro. However, there were no differences in AR protein expression. No differences in AR mRNA expression were observed between the tested tumor structures taken from patients. No differences in AR mRNA expression were observed between the men and women. However, AR protein expression in tumors resected from patients was higher in the enhancing tumor region and in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core. In women, higher AR expression was observed in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core. AR expression in GBM tumors did not differ significantly between men and women, which suggests that the higher incidence of GBM in men is not associated with AR expression. In the group consisting of men and women, AR expression varied between the regions of the tumor: AR expression was higher in the enhancing tumor region and in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core, showing a dependence on tumor conditions (hypoxia and insufficient nutrient supply)
Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in the acute ischemic stroke
Background: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of local intra-arterial thrombolysis with rt-Pa in patients suffering from MCA acute brain infarction within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms Material/Methods: Forty one patients with acute ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were qualified to the treatment (up to 6 hours after the beginning of the symptoms). Patient qualification was based on clinical examination, computed tomography (CT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). CT follow-up was performed after 24 hours and between 7-10 days. Continuous infusion of rt-Pa with a final dose of 40mg was administered. The patients were evaluated before, at discharge and 90 days after the procedure on the basis of modified Rankin and NIHSS scores. Results: At the primary outcome, 22 (53%) of the patients achieved modified Rankin scores of 2 or less after 90 days. The secondary clinical outcome at 90 day follow-up: (NIHSS score 拢1) - 9 (22%) of the patients, (NIHSS score 鲁50% decrease) - 24 (59%). A rate of recanalization was achieved in 76% of patients. Symptomatic hemorrhages occurred in 4 (10%). There were no deaths in the treated group after thrombolysis up to the time of discharge; however, the mortality during the 90-day follow-up period was 7%. Conclusions: Intra-arterial thrombolysis with the use of rt-Pa, in the treatment of ischemic brain stroke within 6 hours after the onset considerably improved the clinical condition of patients after 90 days
Expression of SCD and FADS2 Is Lower in the Necrotic Core and Growing Tumor Area than in the Peritumoral Area of Glioblastoma Multiforme
The expression of desaturases is higher in many types of cancer, and despite their recognized role in oncogenesis, there has been no research on the expression of desaturases in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Tumor tissue samples were collected during surgery from 28 patients (16 men and 12 women) diagnosed with GBM. The effect of necrotic conditions and nutritional deficiency (mimicking conditions in the studied tumor zones) was studied in an in vitro culture of human brain (glioblastoma astrocytoma) U-87 MG cells. Analysis of desaturase expression was made by qRT-PCR and the immunohistochemistry method. In the tumor, the expression of stearoyl–coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid desaturases 2 (FADS2) was lower than in the peritumoral area. The expression of other desaturases did not differ in between the distinguished zones. We found no differences in the expression of SCD, fatty acid desaturases 1 (FADS1), or FADS2 between the sexes. Necrotic conditions and nutritional deficiency increased the expression of the studied desaturase in human brain (glioblastoma astrocytoma) U-87 MG cells. The obtained results suggest that (i) biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in a GBM tumor is less intense than in the peritumoral area; (ii) expressions of SCD, SCD5, FADS1, and FADS2 correlate with each other in the necrotic core, growing tumor area, and peritumoral area; (iii) expressions of desaturases in a GBM tumor do not differ between the sexes; and (iv) nutritional deficiency increases the biosynthesis of MUFA and PUFA in GBM cells