Effect of Duration of the Trial on the Efficacy of a Novel 3-Phytase in Broilers and Laying Hens

[ES] Esta tesis aborda el efecto de la duración de la prueba sobre la eficacia de una nueva 3-fitasa en pollos de engorde y gallinas ponedoras. El calcio y el fósforo son críticos en la nutrición de las aves debido a su participación en diferentes actividades fisiológicas y metabólicas, particularmente en la mineralización ósea. La fitasa microbiana exógena se usa comúnmente en las dietas de las aves para mejorar el efecto nocivo del fitato en el rendimiento de las aves y el medio ambiente, así como para reducir los costos de alimentación. Hay muchas evidencias de la efectividad de la adición dietética de fitasa para mejorar la digestibilidad del fósforo (P) en aves, pero todavía hay inconsistencias entre los estudios sobre los efectos de la fitasa en las diferentes condiciones de estudio. Estas inconsistencias pueden deberse a muchos factores, siendo uno de ellos la duración de los ensayos. En este estudio se persiguieron dos objetivos: 1) Cómo la inclusión dietética de fitasa, a dosis normal y sobredosis, podría afectar la utilización de nutrientes y el rendimiento en gallinas ponedoras jóvenes. 2) Investigar los efectos de reducir el contenido de minerales (Ca y P) y agregar diferentes dosis de una nueva 3-fitasa bacteriana en dietas de pollos de engorde en un experimento a corto y largo plazo. Así, se diseñaron dos experimentos uno en gallinas ponedoras y otros en pollos de engorde. En conclusión, el uso de dietas deficientes en minerales parece provocar cambios digestivos en el uso de minerales, especialmente cuando se usan a largo plazo. Sin embargo, el uso de fitasas comerciales suele realizarse también durante todo el periodo de producción. Esto debe tenerse en cuenta a la hora de evaluar el potencial de una fitasa a nivel comercial. A partir de los resultados de la presente Tesis Doctoral, se derivan las siguientes recomendaciones prácticas: 1. Los ensayos destinados a evaluar los efectos de la fitasa en la utilización de nutrientes deben realizarse a corto plazo, evitando niveles excesivamente bajos de minerales en las dietas (mejor cerca de los niveles en los que se utilizarán comercialmente), para evitar efectos de adaptación digestiva. . 2. Los ensayos dirigidos a evaluar los efectos de la fitasa sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento y la mineralización ósea deben realizarse a largo plazo, para dar tiempo a que su efecto sea relevante.[CA] Esta tesis aborda l'efecte de la durada de la prova sobre l'eficàcia d'una nova 3-fitasa en polls d'engorde i gallines ponedores. El calcio y el fósforo son críticos en la nutrición de las aves debido a la seva participació en diferents activitats fisiològiques i metabòliques, particularment en la mineralització ósea. La fitasa microbiana exògena s'usa comunament en les dietes de les aves per millorar l'efecte nocivo del fitat en el rendiment de les aves i el medi ambient, així com per reduir els costos d'alimentació. Hi ha moltes evidencias de l'efectivitat de l'adición dietètica de fitasa per millorar la digestibilitat del fòsfor (P) en aves, però encara hi ha inconsistències entre els estudis sobre els efectes de la fitasa en les diferents condicions d'estudi. Aquestes inconsistències poden haver de fer molts factors, essent un d'ells la durada dels assaigs. En aquest estudi es persiguien dos objectius: 1) Cómo la inclusió dietética de fitasa, a dosis normal y sobredosis, podría afectar la utilización de nutrientes y el rendimiento en gallinas ponedoras jóvenes. 2) Investigar els efectes de reduir el contingut de minerals (Ca i P) i agregar diferents dosis d'una nova 3-fitasa bacteriana en dietes de pollos d'engorde en un experiment a curt i llarg termini. Així, s'ha dissenyat dos experiments un en gallines ponedores i altres en polls d'engorde. En conclusió, l'ús de dietes deficients en minerals sembla provocar canvis digestivos en l'ús de minerals, especialment quan s'usa a llarg termini. Sense embargo, l'ús de fitases comercials es farà també durant tot el període de producció. Això s'ha de tenir en compte a l'hora d'avaluar el potencial d'una fita a nivell comercial. A partir dels resultats de la present Tesis Doctoral, es deriven les següents recomanacions pràctiques: 1. Els assaigs destinats a avaluar els efectes de la fitasa en la utilització de nutrients han de realitzar-se a curt termini, evitant els nivells excessivament baixos de minerals a les dietes (més a prop dels nivells en els que s'utilitzaran comercialment), per evitar efectes de adaptació digestiva. . 2. Els assaigs dirigits a avaluar els efectes de la fita sobre el rendiment del creixement i la mineralització òsea han de realitzar-se a llarg termini, per al seu efecte mar rellevant.[EN] This thesis tackles the effect of duration of the trial on the efficacy of a novel 3-phytase in broilers and laying hens. Calcium and phosphorus are critical in poultry nutrition because of their involvement in different physiologic and metabolic activities, particularly bone and egg mineralization. Exogenous microbial phytase is commonly used in poultry diets to ameliorate the deleterious effect of phytate on bird performance and the environment, as well as to reduce feeding costs. There are many evidences of the effectiveness of dietary addition of phytase in improving phosphorus (P) digestibility in poultry, but there are still inconsistencies among studies on the effects of phytase on the different response criteria studied. These inconsistencies can be due to many factors being one of them the duration of the trials. In this study, two objectives were pursued: 1) To investigate the effects of reducing the mineral (Ca and P) content and adding different doses of a new 3-bacterial phytase in laying hens diets in a short and long-term experiment. 2) To investigate the effects of reducing the mineral (Ca and P) content and adding different doses of a new 3-bacterial phytase in broiler diets in a short and long-term experiment. To this aim, two experiments were designed in laying hens and broilers. In conclusion, the use of mineral-deficient diets seems to cause digestive changes in the use of minerals, especially when they are used in the long term. However, the use of commercial phytases is usually also carried out during the whole production period. This must be taken into account when evaluating the potential of a phytase at a commercial level. From the results of the present Doctoral Thesis, the following practical recommendations are driven: 1. The trials addressed to evaluate the effects of phytase on nutrient utilization must be carried out in the short term, avoiding excessive low mineral levels in diets (better close to the levels at which they will be used commercially), to avoid digestive adaptation effects. 2. The trials addressed to evaluate the effects of phytase on growth performance and bone mineralization must be carried out in the long term, to give time for its effect to be relevant.Javadi, M. (2022). Effect of Duration of the Trial on the Efficacy of a Novel 3-Phytase in Broilers and Laying Hens [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18634

Best practise for cleaning of ship hulls

This report summarizes the methods available for cleaning based on a review of commercial equipment and the information is divided into handling and operation, efficacy in removal and capture and impact on paint

Limitation in the performance of fine powder separation in a turbo air classifier

The deflector wheel classifier is a widely used device for the separation of fine powders in different industrial applications. The primary objective of the separation process is to achieve high-quality separation of fine powders characterized by a narrow particle size distribution and high separation sharpness. Theoretically, the reduction in the cut size is accomplished by decreasing the gas flow rate or increasing the rotational speed of the classifier, which amplifies the centrifugal forces compared to the drag forces exerted on the particles. This behavior is, indeed, observed in many cases, but it cannot be extrapolated arbitrarily. At their performance limit, classifiers may, against expectation, show an increase in cut size and, in addition, a reduction in the sharpness of the separation process. The limitation in the reduction in the cut size and in the improvement in the separation sharpness arises due to an imbalance between the operating rotational speed and flow rate, which results in a non-uniform flow field in the classifier. If the balance conditions are fulfilled, an optimum separation with a high separation sharpness can be achieved. In this work, CFD simulations validated by some experimental results are employed to represent this limitation, which is obtained by varying the operating parameters using different material densities with particles ranging from one to ten microns

The Duration of the Trial Influences the Effects of Mineral Deficiency and the Effective Phytase Dose in Broilers' Diets

[EN] Two trials varying in duration (short- and long-term) were conducted to evaluate the effects of providing deficient (NC) or sufficient (PC) Ca and P levels, and different doses of a new phytase (250, 500, and 1000 FTU/kg feed), in broiler feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and retention, and tibia mineralization. A total of 80 and 490 male chicks (Ross) of 21 and 1 days of age were used in the short- and long-term trials, respectively. In the long-term trial, chicks fed NC diets showed a lower (p < 0.05) average daily gain and feed intake compared to chicks fed PC and a greater (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to 500 and 1000 FTU/kg feed during the starting period. Regarding the effects on minerals¿ and nutrients¿ coefficients of retention, animals fed NC showed a significantly higher digestibility for P than those fed the PC diet in the long-term trial. Additionally, feeding 250 to 500 FTU/kg diets increased most of the nutrients¿ digestibility in the short-term but only P digestibility in the long-term trial. Tibia mineralization increased linearly with phytase addition (p < 0.05) only in the long-term trial. In conclusion, the effects of dietary mineral and phytase levels on growth performance are more noticeable in young animals. In addition, the duration of the trial is key due to a possible adaptation phenomenon of birds to low P supplementary levels.This research was funded by the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI), supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain.Javadi, M.; Cerisuelo, A.; Cambra López, M.; Macias-Vidal, J.; Donadeu, A.; Dupuy, J.; Carpintero, L.... (2022). The Duration of the Trial Influences the Effects of Mineral Deficiency and the Effective Phytase Dose in Broilers' Diets. Animals. 12(11):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111418119121

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

The Duration of the Trial Influences the Effects of Mineral Deficiency and the Effective Phytase Dose in Broilers&rsquo; Diets

Two trials varying in duration (short- and long-term) were conducted to evaluate the effects of providing deficient (NC) or sufficient (PC) Ca and P levels, and different doses of a new phytase (250, 500, and 1000 FTU/kg feed), in broiler feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and retention, and tibia mineralization. A total of 80 and 490 male chicks (Ross) of 21 and 1 days of age were used in the short- and long-term trials, respectively. In the long-term trial, chicks fed NC diets showed a lower (p &lt; 0.05) average daily gain and feed intake compared to chicks fed PC and a greater (p &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to 500 and 1000 FTU/kg feed during the starting period. Regarding the effects on minerals&rsquo; and nutrients&rsquo; coefficients of retention, animals fed NC showed a significantly higher digestibility for P than those fed the PC diet in the long-term trial. Additionally, feeding 250 to 500 FTU/kg diets increased most of the nutrients&rsquo; digestibility in the short-term but only P digestibility in the long-term trial. Tibia mineralization increased linearly with phytase addition (p &lt; 0.05) only in the long-term trial. In conclusion, the effects of dietary mineral and phytase levels on growth performance are more noticeable in young animals. In addition, the duration of the trial is key due to a possible adaptation phenomenon of birds to low P supplementary levels

Iranian Labor Force Movement and Stability

Creating stable employment is one of the important objectives of any government. so, overall planning needs indicators that reflect the changes of the labour force status and the population. Labor force survey with rotation sampling is one of the sources that can be used to obtain these indicators. The labor Force Survey (LFS) is done by Statistical Centre of Iran, using a rotating sample that is implemented quarterly since 2005. In this paper, the method of computing labor force flow for LFS data of Iran is described and the resulting estimates for male and female labor force are proposed. Finally, these estimates for a period of 6 years are analyzed

The effects of nurse-led telephone-based support on supportive care needs among women with breast cancer: A randomized clinical trial

Background:Patients with breast cancer (BC) need to be supported in all aspects of their lives. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of nurse-led telephone-based support on supportive care needs (SCNs) in women with BC. Methods:This two-group randomized clinical trial was conducted on 62 women with BC who were randomly assigned to two groups to either receive telephone-based support (n = 31) or conventional care routinely provided to patients with BC (n = 31). Patients' SCNs were assessed before, 2 weeks, and 1 month after the intervention onset using the SCNs Survey -Short Form 34 The data were analyzed through the repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni's, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent-sample t, and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Results: Significant decreases were observed in the mean scores of SCNs in both groups (P< 0.001), though the decrease in the intervention group was much greater than the control group (39.08 vs. 2.87). Baseline mean score of SCNs in the intervention group was significantly greater than the control group (P = 0.008); however, 2 weeks and 1 month after the intervention onset, the mean score in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Telephone-based support is effective in addressing and reducing SCNs among patients with BC