Transmigration in respect to endothelial junctions.

<p>The distribution of transmigrating wild-type (n = 40) and Mac-1-/- neutrophils (n = 24) in respect to junctions on electron micrographs.</p

Leukocyte recruitment and vascular permeability, 5 nmol/L MIP-2 (A–C) and 0.5 nmol/L MIP-2 (D–F) superfusion.

<p>Leukocyte adhesion (A and D), emigration (B and E) and microvascular permeability increase (C and F) before (time 0) and after addition of MIP-2 (5 nmol/L in A–C and 0.5 nmol/L in D–F) in the superfusate in WT (n = 5 for each concentration) and Mac-1-/- mice (n = 5 for each concentration). Untreated wild-type mice (n = 5) are also included. A leukocyte was considered to be adherent if it remained stationary for more than 30 s, and was quantified as the number of adherent cells within a 100 µm length of venule during 5 min. Leukocyte migration was defined as the number of cells in the extra vascular space within a 200×300 µm area. All values are means±SE. * p<0.05 compared to C57Bl/6 mice receiving similar treatment at the same time-point.</p

Endothelial enscapsulation of transmigrating neutrophils.

<p>Electron micrographs and cartoons of transmigrating wild-type (A) and Mac-1 deficient neutrophils (B). The arrowheads mark the junctions seen in A, the thin endothelial sheet that covers the transmigrating cells is marked with *, e1, e2 and n represent individual endothelial cells and neutrophils respectively. The arrows in B mark gaps in the endothelium, and en marks the endothelial nucleus. Scale bars correspond to 1 µm. The images represent 1 out of 40 analyzed wild-type and 1 out of 24 Mac-1-/- neutrophils. In panel C are presented the percentages of the adherent neutrophils that were covered by endothelial dome-structures.</p

Endothelial dome formation using spinning disk confocal microscopy.

<p>Spinning disk confocal images of MIP-2 superfused cremaster muscle of mice with GFP positive endothelium (green) and GR-1 Alexa Fluor 555 stained neutrophils (red). Panels A and B show adherent neutrophils that have been covered by endothelium. By following the same vessel with two adherent neutrophils over time, dynamic formation of endothelial domes was revealed.</p

Endothelial transmigratory cup formation.

<p>Electron micrographs and cartoons of transmigrating wild-type neutrophils where the endothelium forms a transmigratory cup (A, B and C). The arrowheads mark the junctions and L marks the lumen of the blood vessel. e1, e2 and n represent individual endothelial cells and neutrophils respectively. The bar corresponds to 1 µm.</p

Synthesis, self-assembly and surface-active properties of alkyl halide mediated imidazolium monomeric surfactants

Two imidazolium monomeric surfactants, that is, 1-tetradecyl-1H-imidazole [14IM] and 1-hexadecyl-1H-imidazole [16IM] has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR,13C NMR, FTIR, HRMS spectroscopies and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for number and types of protons and carbon, functional groups, estimation of molecular weight and thermal stability of these compounds. The conductivity was measured in double distilled water at four different temperatures, 288, 293, 298, and 303 K. The results showed that these surfactants behave as weak electrolytes. The density and viscosity data have shown the existence of strong interactions between imidazolium surfactants and solvent (water) molecules. The results obtained from Root’s equation indicate that surfactant–solvent interactions are important than surfactant–surfactant interactions in dilute solutions, that is, below critical micellar concentration. The values of constants obtained from Einstein and Moulik equations have revealed that there was stronger and significant interaction between imidazolium surfactants and water molecules below critical micellar region. The surface tension parameters have indicated that these surfactants are good contenders to lower the surface tension of air/water interface. The results obtained from surface tension data have shown that standard change in free energy of micellization (ΔG°mic) and adsorption (ΔG°ads) were negative, indicating that these surfactants molecules have spontaneous tendencies to form micelles in solution at higher concentration and to get adsorb at the air/water interface at lower concentration. The TGA has indicated good thermally stability and activation energy for thermal decomposition was found in the range of 37.26.26–98.20.20 kJ/mol.</p