Alignments for each gene segment

Alignments for each gene segmen

Scripts for MLreassort and MBreassort

Scripts for MLreassort and MBreassor

Supplementary Table

Comparison of geometric means of boostrap proportions including and not including the controversial branch

Davies et al 2013

Davies et al 201

Supplementary Material

Distinct structural features of the mitochondrial genome of Crotaphatrema lamottei

<i>Giardia duodenalis</i> induces villin cleavage in Caco-2 monolayers in a contact-dependent manner.

<p><i>G</i>. <i>duodenalis</i> NF isolate trophozoites were co-incubated directly contacting Caco-2 monolayers or separated from Caco-2 monolayers via 0.4um Transwells for 24 hours. Caco-2 lysates were collected and processed for Western blotting to examine for villin protein (A). Western blots are representative of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Densitometry was performed to compare protein levels of cleaved villin vs loading control GAPDH (B). *p<0.05 vs No Treatment. Data are mean +/- SEM, n = 3.</p

X-ray projections through the posterior portion of bat skulls containing the bony labyrinth, in the ventral-dorsal plane.

<p>The corresponding reconstructed inner ear volumes are shown on the right of the panels; these inner ears are orientated so that the lateral semicircular canals are maximally aligned in the horizontal plane, allowing differences in cochlear orientation to be compared across species. Echolocation mode, species and family information are as follows: (A) the non-echolocating Old World fruit bat <i>Hypsignathus monstrosus</i> (1.3518) (Pteropodidae); (B) the Old World CF bat <i>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</i> (58.20697) (Rhinolophidae); (C) the New World CF bat <i>Pteronotus parnellii</i> (5.21236) (Mormoopidae) and (D) <i>Mormoops megaphylla</i> (2.1603) (Mormoopidae) which utilizes narrowband multi-harmonic signals.</p

Master Alignment

Master alingment of mitochondrial genome and nuclear rag1 data in nexus format. The matrix includes a tree block with the maximum likelihood tree obtained with RAxML v7.2.6. This data file has also been deposited in TreeBASE under accession number S11625

<i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Infection Reduces Granulocyte Infiltration in an <i>In Vivo</i> Model of Bacterial Toxin-Induced Colitis and Attenuates Inflammation in Human Intestinal Tissue

<div><p><i>Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia)</i> is a predominant cause of waterborne diarrheal disease that may lead to post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders. Although <i>Giardia</i>-infected individuals could carry as much as 10⁶ trophozoites per centimetre of gut, their intestinal mucosa is devoid of overt signs of inflammation. Recent studies have shown that in endemic countries where bacterial infectious diseases are common, <i>Giardia</i> infections can protect against the development of diarrheal disease and fever. Conversely, separate observations have indicated <i>Giardia</i> infections may enhance the severity of diarrheal disease from a co-infecting pathogen. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils (PMNs) are granulocytic, innate immune cells characteristic of acute intestinal inflammatory responses against bacterial pathogens that contribute to the development of diarrheal disease following recruitment into intestinal tissues. <i>Giardia</i> cathepsin B cysteine proteases have been shown to attenuate PMN chemotaxis towards IL-8/CXCL8, suggesting <i>Giardia</i> targets PMN accumulation. However, the ability of <i>Giardia</i> infections to attenuate PMN accumulation <i>in vivo</i> and how in turn this effect may alter the host inflammatory response in the intestine has yet to be demonstrated. Herein, we report that <i>Giardia</i> infection attenuates granulocyte tissue infiltration induced by intra-rectal instillation of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> toxin A and B in an isolate-dependent manner. This attenuation of granulocyte infiltration into colonic tissues paralled decreased expression of several cytokines associated with the recruitment of PMNs. <i>Giardia</i> trophozoite isolates that attenuated granulocyte infiltration <i>in vivo</i> also decreased protein expression of cytokines released from inflamed mucosal biopsy tissues collected from patients with active Crohn’s disease, including several cytokines associated with PMN recruitment. These results demonstrate for the first time that certain <i>Giardia</i> infections may attenuate PMN accumulation by decreasing the expression of the mediators responsible for their recruitment.</p></div

Relative size of the three semicircular canals within bats.

<p>The three canals are depicted as follows: anterior – diamonds; lateral – triangles and posterior – circles. With members of the two bat clades represented as follows: Yinpterochiroptera [Old World fruit bats (orange), laryngeal echolocating species (blue)] and the Yangochiroptera (yellow). Species numbers follow those in Table S1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061998#pone.0061998.s005" target="_blank">Text S1</a>.</p