Comparison of the Intrusion Effects on the Maxillary Incisors among Implant Anchorage, "J" hook headgear and utility arch

INTRODUCTION: Correction of deep bite during orthodontic therapy is a difficult biomechanical challenge. Deep bite is a clinical problem not to be seen in terms of millimetres but to be seen in light of future changes in the aesthetics, function and health of the dentition. Possible complications of deep bite include, temporomandibular joint disorders, unacceptable facial aesthetics, Attrition of incisors, spacing of maxillary incisors, clenching of teeth, jaw stiffness, head ache and ringing in ears. Deep bite may be accompanied by spacing with flared incisors or intra arch crowding which necessitates extraction of premolars. In either extraction or non extraction cases deep bite must be corrected to ensure complete space closure. Methods to correct deep bite include extrusion of posterior teeth, relative intrusion of incisors and true intrusion of incisors. Extrusion of posterior teeth is one of the most common methods to correct deep bite. It is indicated in patients with short lower facial height, excessive curve of Spee, mild to moderate incisor display and in growing patients40. Deep bite correction by extrusion of posterior teeth is unstable and is not indicated in adult patients and vertical growers. Relative intrusion is prevention of incisor eruption in growing patients and is achieved with functional appliances. Intrusion is defined as the axial movement of the tooth along the long axis towards the apex of the root. Intrusion of incisors is primarily indicated in deep bite cases with a large vertical dimension, patients with excessive incision stomion distance and a large inter labial gap. Intrusion of incisors is one of the most difficult tooth movements to achieve. It requires very light and continuous force, and there is always a risk of apical root resorption46. Advantages of deep bite correction by intrusion of anterior teeth include achievement of lip competency, reduced incisal exposure, without any increase in lower anterior facial height. Appliances for incisor intrusion include utility arch by Ricketts, Burstone intrusion arch, Connecticut intrusion arch, and J-hook headgear. The major disadvantages with these appliances include extrusion and tipping of posterior teeth, complex wire bending and patient co-operation. Miniscrews have been successfully used as temporary anchorage devices for producing various tooth movements, like en mass retraction of anteriors28, intrusion of anteriors28 and molars, molar uprighting and so on. Since anchorage control and patient cooperation is very critical in any orthodontic set up, miniscrews as effective temporary anchorage devices have occupied a central role and they are devoid of patient compliance. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are 1. To evaluate the efficiency of producing intrusion of maxillary incisors using mini implants, utility arch and J-hook headgear and 2. To compare the amount of intrusion produced among the three appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 patients of both genders, who reported to the Department of Orthodontics The Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital for correction of malocclusion. Inclusion criteria: 1. Subjects with deep bite associated with excessive incisal display both at rest and at smile. 2. Subjects with increased over jet. 3. Subjects with adequate periodontal support. Exclusion criteria: 1. Subjects with systemic diseases. 2. Low angle cases. The average age range was 16-22 yrs. The study was proposed at the Institutional Ethical Committee, of The Tamilnadu Govt Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, with all the details regarding the study, and the approval was obtained. Informed written consent was obtained from all the subjects who were willing to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups. 1. Group 1- consisted of 10 subjects, for whom intrusion of maxillary incisors was attempted with mini implant anchorage. 2. Group 2- consisted of 10 subjects, for whom intrusion of maxillary incisors was attempted with J-hook headgear. 3. Group 3- consisted of 10 subjects, for whom intrusion of maxillary incisors was attempted with utility arch. RESULTS: The pre treatment and post treatment cephalograms were traced and the values were recorded. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated for all the pre and post treatment cephalometric parameters in the three groups. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the three groups are given below in tables 1, 2 and 3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: For bite opening both mini implants and utility arch are found to be effective. The utility arch had resulted in extrusion of molars which prevents its use in high angle cases with deep bite and excessive incisal show. Deep bite correction with mini implants resulted in effective bite opening through true intrusion of incisors with minimal or no changes in molars and also patient compliance was not required. Hence mini implants are an ideal choice for bite opening in high angle deep bite cases with excessive incisal show

Association of Vertical Growth Pattern with Various Malocclusions Among Subjects Reporting to An Institutional Set Up

 Facial vertical growth pattern plays an important role in achieving facial balance as well as response to orthodontic treatment. Variation in growth pattern ,function of soft tissue and jaw musculature has an impact on dentoalveolar tissues thus influencing the pattern of malocclusion. The present study aims to identify the vertical growth patterns and its association with different malocclusion. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in a private University hospital between June 2019 to March 2020. The sample size consisted of a total of 225 patients based on malocclusion (class I -75 , class II - 75, Class III -75) whose data on age, gender, skeletal growth pattern were recorded. Frequency distribution and chi-square tests were applied for statistical analysis in SPSS 20.0. The study results showed that there is a statistically significant association between type of malocclusion and vertical growth pattern (p=0.026) vertical growth pattern was common in class II malocclusion. Also there was no statistically significant difference between vertical growth pattern and age (p= 0.524), gender (p=0.178). Hence it can be concluded that vertical growth pattern is not associated with age, gender but in subjects with class II malocclusion vertical growth pattern is more common than in other malocclusions

An In-Vitro Analysis of the Mechanical and Anti-Bacterial Properties of Betel Leaf Extract with Chitosan Coating on Orthodontic Aligners

Objective: To aim at the preparation and characterization of a chitosan and betel leaf extract biopolymer followed by an assessment of mechanical and antibacterial properties. Material and Methods: A chitosan-betel leaf stock solution was prepared and dip-coated on thermoformed aligner cubes. The groups (five samples per group) involved were one control (only chitosan coating) and three test groups based on the duration of coating (coating with chitosan and betel extract coated for 5, 10, and 15 minutes, named B5, B10, and B15 respectively). The coating of the samples was confirmed by an FTIR test and anti-microbial properties were assessed by the disc diffusion method. Wear resistance assessment of the coating was carried out by scratch test. Results: Coating of the aligners with the extract was confirmed with FTIR. The zone of inhibition against S. mutans was noted to be the widest for aligners coated for 15 minutes (7± 0.5mm), and the intergroup difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The samples dip-coated for 15 minutes demonstrated the highest wear resistance (3.2 ±0.17 N) with statistically significant intergroup differences (p<0.05). Conclusion: Betel leaf extract prepared and incorporated with chitosan biopolymer was successfully coated on thermoformed aligners. A higher antibacterial activity and scratch resistance were evident with aligners dip-coated for 15 minutes, owing to the antibacterial activity of Piper betel

Microbiological Profile of Fungal Keratitis in North-West Rajasthan

Oculomycosis is a major cause of visual impairment, eye pain, redness, discharge, diminution of vision and photophobia are presenting features. We collected corneal scraping from 80 suspected cases of fungal keratitis and subjected them for KOH mount and fungus culture. On KOH mount, we observed fungal elements and yeast cells were present in 34 cases (42.5%), and 26 cases (32.5%) were found positive for fungal culture. Fusarium sp. (08), Aspergillus fumigatus (07), Alternaria sp. (03) and Rhizopus (02), Candida albicans (02) were predominant etiological agents. Trauma was a predisposing factor in 11 (13.75%) cases followed by steroid use 05 (6.25%) and contact lens use 02 (2.5%)

Alkaline unfolding and salt-induced folding of bovine liver catalase at high pH

We have studied the alkaline unfolding of bovine liver catalase and its dependence on ionic strength by enzymic activity measurements and a combination of optical methods like circular dichroism, fluorescence and absorption spectroscopies. Under conditions of high pH (11.5) and low ionic strength, the native tetrameric enzyme dissociates into monomers with complete loss of enzymic activity and a significant loss of α-helical content. Increase in ionic strength by addition of salts like potassium chloride and sodium sulphate resulted in folding of alkaline-unfolded enzyme by association of monomers to tetramer but with significantly different structural properties compared to native enzyme. The salt-induced tetrameric intermediate is characterized by a significant exposure of the buried hydrophobic clusters and significantly reduced α-helical content compared to the native enzyme. The refolding/reconstitution studies showed that the salt-induced partially folded tetrameric intermediate shows significantly higher efficiency of refolding/reconstitution as compared to alkaline-denatured catalase in the absence of salts. These studies suggest that folding of multimeric enzymes proceeds probably through the hydrophobic collapse of partially folded multimeric intermediate with exposed hydrophobic clusters

Influence of Operator Experience on Scanning Time and Accuracy with Two Different Intraoral Scanners - A Prospective Clinical Trial

Objective:Operator experience and scanner type may influence the time taken and obtained accuracy of intraoral scanning. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of operator experience on the scanning time and correlate the accuracy of the scans taken with two different intraoral scanners (TRIOS 3, 3Shape and i500, Medit).Methods:In this trial, a total of 20 subjects who required intraoral scanning for orthodontic treatment were included. Intraoral scanning was done with two different scanners, TRIOS 3 and i500. One operator each with high (group 1), medium (group 2) and low (group 3) levels of experience performed intra-oral scanning with two different intraoral scanners. A One-Way ANOVA test was performed to assess the intergroup difference in scanning time and Kendall’s tau’s correlation test to determine the correlation between the experience of the operator and accuracy among the three groups using the two scanners. Also Independent samples t-test were performed to assess the intragroup differences in scanning time with two different scanners.Results:The scanning time was influenced by the type of intraoral scanner and operator experience (p0.05). Statistically significant intragroup differences in scanning time between the two scanners were noted (p<0.05).Conclusion:Less experienced operators took more time to scan a subject. Accuracy of scanning among three groups using two scanners was not influenced by the experience of the operator. Scanning with i500 IOS took more time than TRIOS

A mini review of methods to control ticks population infesting cattle in Chhattisgarh with special emphasis on herbal acaricides

217-223Ticks infestation is a major concern for the cattle industry in India. In Chhattisgarh, Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus are the two main ixodid tick affecting the animals. Ticks cause deterioration of the animal’s health and reduce their productivity. Controlling ticks is very much required for maintaining the wellbeing of animals and earning the livelihood by cattle rearing communities. The chemical acaricides have been used extensively for their promising results in controlling cattle ticks. However, these chemicals are comprised of certain side effects including reduction of meat quality, residues in body and affecting the environment. Most importantly, the ticks are getting resistant with almost all synthetic acaricides available in the market. Several organochlorine chemicals are banned due to their toxic effects. Chhattisgarh is the herbal state, numerous medicinal plants are growing in this geographical region that can be used as an effective and safe alternative to chemical acaricides against cattle ticks. Thus, in this review, we have introduced the type of ticks available in the Chhattisgarh. The possibility of herbal sources and other methods of controlling cattle ticks is also discussed

A mini review of methods to control ticks population infesting cattle in Chhattisgarh with special emphasis on herbal acaricides

Ticks infestation is a major concern for the cattle industry in India. In Chhattisgarh, Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus are the two main ixodid tick affecting the animals. Ticks cause deterioration of the animal’s health and reduce their productivity. Controlling ticks is very much required for maintaining the wellbeing of animals and earning the livelihood by cattle rearing communities. The chemical acaricides have been used extensively for their promising results in controlling cattle ticks. However, these chemicals are comprised of certain side effects including reduction of meat quality, residues in body and affecting the environment. Most importantly, the ticks are getting resistant with almost all synthetic acaricides available in the market. Several organochlorine chemicals are banned due to their toxic effects. Chhattisgarh is the herbal state, numerous medicinal plants are growing in this geographical region that can be used as an effective and safe alternative to chemical acaricides against cattle ticks. Thus, in this review, we have introduced the type of ticks available in the Chhattisgarh. The possibility of herbal sources and other methods of controlling cattle ticks is also discussed

Vacuum-Formed Retainers Versus Lingual-Bonded Retainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stability of Treatment Outcomes in Orthodontically Treated Patients

Objective:This review aimed at analyzing the literature comparing vacuum-formed retainers and lingual-bonded retainers for maintaining treatment stability and periodontal health and evaluating retainer failure and patient satisfaction.Methods:Electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. Only randomized controlled trials were involved. Risk of bias was evaluated using Risk of Bias 2 Tool. Meta-analysis was performed and certainty of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.Results:Five randomized controlled trials were included for qualitative analysis and 2 studies were included for quantitative analysis. Two studies concluded that lingual-bonded retainers were more effective than vacuum-formed retainers in maintaining treatment stability. Two studies had a high risk of bias and 3 studies had some concerns. No statistically significant difference in Little’s Irregularity Index (standard mean difference = −0.10; P value = .61), inter-canine width (standard mean difference = 0.66; P value = .09), inter-molar width (standard mean difference = 0.08; P value = .85), arch length (standard mean difference = −0.18; P value = .60) between the 2 retainers was noted. Periodontal status and retainer failure rate (odds ratio= 2.28; P value = .23) were similar in both retainers. Patient discomfort, soreness, and speech difficulty were more with vacuum-formed retainers and oral hygiene maintenance was easier with vacuum-formed retainers.Conclusion:A very low-level certainty of evidence suggests that both vacuum-formed retainers and lingual-bonded retainers were equally effective in maintaining treatment stability. Periodontal status and retainer failures were similar in both retainers. Vacuum- formed retainers were better for oral hygiene maintenance but were associated with discomfort, soreness, and speech difficulty than lingual-bonded retainers

Synthesis of novel tetraoxygenated homoisoflavanones

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