95 research outputs found
Klimabedingte VerĂ€nderungen der BiodiversitĂ€t : eine Diskursfeldanalyse fĂŒr BiKF
Das BiodiversitĂ€t und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiKF) hat sich selbst das Ziel gesetzt, mit seinen Arbeiten wissenschaftliche BeitrĂ€ge zum Management klimabedingter relevanter BiodiversitĂ€tsverĂ€nderungen sowie zur ErfĂŒllung internationaler Ăbereinkommen wie der EU-Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Richtlinie (EU-FFH), der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (EU-WRRL), der internationalen BiodiversitĂ€tskonvention (CBD) und der Klimarahmenkonvention (UNFCCC) zu liefern. Voraussetzung dafĂŒr ist ein Ergebnis- und Wissenstransfer zwischen den Forschenden des Zentrums und den Anspruchsgruppen aus Zivilgesellschaft, Politik und Wirtschaft (vgl. BiodiversitĂ€t und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiKF) 2008: 1 und 40ff.). Um gesellschaftliche Wirkungen zu erzeugen, mĂŒssen die Interessen, Positionen und praktischen WissensbestĂ€nde der Anspruchsgruppen in die Forschungen aufgenommen werden und die Forschungsergebnisse in die gesellschaftliche Praxis (rĂŒck-) vermittelt werden. Um fĂŒr das BiodiversitĂ€t und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiKF) ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis ĂŒber die Entstehung und den Transfer von Wissen zwischen Forschung und Gesellschaft vorzubereiten und Ansatzpunkte fĂŒr Interventionen in öffentliche Debatten aufzuzeigen, wurde eine problemorientierte Diskursfeldanalyse (DFA) zum ĂŒbergreifenden Themengebiet Klimabedingte BiodiversitĂ€tsverĂ€nderungen durchgefĂŒhrt (zur Methode siehe Infobox). Dabei wurden prioritĂ€re Themen identifiziert sowie relevante Akteure und ihre Positionen typisiert. Diese Analyse dient somit als Orientierungshilfe fĂŒr die strategische Ausrichtung des Zentrums; sie bietet eine strukturierte Grundlage fĂŒr eine zentrumsinterne Diskussion des weiteren Vorgehens im Wissens- und Ergebnistransfer. Die Diskursfeldanalyse speist sich aus drei Detailanalysen zu den Diskursarenen â9. Vertragsstaatenkonferenz der CBDâ, âNationale BiodiversitĂ€tsstrategieâ und âMillennium Ecosystem Assessmentâ. Diese werden nach einer kurzen EinfĂŒhrung zur Methode vorgestellt. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die ĂŒber diese drei Arenen hinweg relevanten und fĂŒr BiKF mögliche Ansatzpunkte bietenden DiskursstrĂ€nge aufgezeigt. Diese illustrieren die Vielfalt an Themen und Positionen der Akteure innerhalb des Diskursfelds. AbschlieĂend werden Schlussfolgerungen fĂŒr die Struktur von Wissenskonflikten im Diskursfeld gezogen, die Orientierung geben sollen fĂŒr eine weitere Auseinandersetzung des Forschungszentrums mit möglichen Querschnittsthemen und Zielen von Interventionen in den Diskurs.The Knowledge Flow Paper on hand is linking a problem-oriented discourse field analysis to the broader subject of climatically caused changes of biological diversity. This synthesis is a first step towards a better understanding of the emergence of knowledge and its transfer between science and society. And it is thus to identify starting points for BiKF to step into public debates. The analysis of the discourse field is referring to three detailed analyses of discussion namely the ones in the âNinth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversityâ, the âNational Strategy towards Biological Diversityâ, and the âMillennium Ecosystem Assessmentâ. Following a brief introduction of the method the three analyses are being presented and in a second step overlapping strands of discourse will be identified as possible approaches for BiKF. These reveal the diversity of subjects and actorsâ positions within the discourse field. Finally we will draw conclusions concerning the structure of knowledge conflicts within this field which are to provide an orientation for a further involvement of the research centre in cross-cutting issues and aims of intervention into the discourse
Vom Wissen zum Handeln â Grundlagen des Wissenstransfers
Ziel des vorliegenden Knowledge Flow Paper ist es, den Begriff des Wissenstransfers in spezifischer Weise zugĂ€nglich zu machen und die wichtigsten Methoden und Instrumente zur Anwendung innerhalb des Zentrums darzulegen. Besondere Herausforderung ist hierbei, das SpannungsverhĂ€ltnis zwischen gesellschaftlichem VerfĂŒgbarmachen von Lösungen und Kontexten und der Vermittlung von Wissen aus dem (natur-)wissenschaftlichen Zentrum in den gesellschaftlichen Handlungsbereich (Politik, Wirtschaft, Umweltorganisationen etc.) zu verbinden. Somit soll das Paper einen ersten Einstieg in das Thema Wissenstransfer/Transferforschung ermöglichen und dessen Potentiale fĂŒr BiKF erörtern.The knowledge transfer approach has gained a lot of attention in the political, scientific and public context, as it deals with questions about the use and transfer of scientific knowledge. The paper at hand is giving a first overview of the subject of knowledge transfer and itâs potential for BiKF. It is the aim to explain what exactly lies behind the concept of knowl-edge transfer and to state the most important methods and instruments for use within the centre. It serves as a starting point for a more comprehensive integration of internal and external transfer of knowledge within each project areas of BiKF to adress environmental, political and social problems associated with climate change and biodiversity. This Knowledge Flow Paper is based on the document of Thomas Höhne concerning the current state of transfer research for the Institute for Social-Ecological Research
Transfer as a reciprocal process: How to foster receptivity to results of transdisciplinary research
Transdisciplinary research (TDR) seeks to address real-world problems and aims to be socially transformative. This normative objective extends beyond particular TDR projects, as real-world problems are embedded in concrete contexts but, at the same time, are also related to wider societal challenges that are not restricted to one context. Therefore, TDR generally entails transfer of knowledge and results to other contexts. However, the TDR discourse has mainly treated transfer efforts from the perspective of scientific generalization, translation and packaging of knowledge. Within this understanding of transfer, little attention has been paid to interplay between contexts and the role of new contexts themselves.
This article is based on qualitative explorative research on four TDR projects. Its results were iteratively derived through project analysis, reflection on insights from the literature and discussions with TDR experts. We propose that transfer is a complex reciprocal process in which different types of knowledge are provided and transferred to other contexts, where knowledge is adapted, enriched and modified. In addition to project researchers, actors in other (pick-up) contexts also play an important role for successful transfer and appropriation of TDR results. Generating transfer potential within the duration of a project depends on being aware of potential pick-up contexts. To address the interdependent aspects of transfer (results, mediation, and appropriation in other contexts), we present a comprehensive model outlining TDR transfer processes. To support projects seeking to raise their transfer potential in a more conscious manner, we also formulate three overarching recommendations: 1) process results for transfer adequately, 2) identify and support intermediaries and, 3) increase awareness of and address other contexts. Considering these recommendations while also being aware of their interdependence may increase potential for transfer of knowledge and results to other contexts. Our conceptual understanding acknowledges the complexity and non-linearity of endeavors to take advantage of case-specifically gained knowledge and results in other contexts or at other scales
Entwicklung einer Methode zum Wirkungsnachweis resistenzinduzierender PrÀparate (PflanzenstÀrkungsmittel)
A method for testing the efficacy of products which improve the resistance of plants was developed in the Julius KĂŒhn-Institute. The susceptible radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivar ÂŽSaxa 3` was infected with Peronospora parasitica isolated in the field. Different plant resistance improvers (PRI) like plant or algal extracts were tested compared to aqua dest. as control and Ă-aminobutyric acid (BABA) as a standard. PRI were sprayed twice on intact plants (BBCH 10: Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible). 24 h, 48 h or 72 h after the last application with PRI, the plants were inoculated with P. parasitica. 10 to 14 days after inoculation, the concentration of spore suspension from cotyledons was determined. The efficacy of all tested products was shown. Optimum time lags between two PRI applications as well as last application and inoculation were defined. This method is useful as a standard method in the lab to test the efficacy of products for improving the resistance of plants
Expression und Funktion von Relaxin-2 bei melanozytÀren Naevi und Melanomen
In diversen Arbeiten wurde bereits der Einfluss des Peptidhormones Relaxin-2 auf verschiedene onkologische Erkrankungen untersucht und nachgewiesen. FĂŒr das maligne Melanom, trotz neuer Therapiemöglichkeiten ein weiterhin sehr gefĂ€hrlicher Tumor, sind hierzu noch keine weitreichenden Erkenntnisse vorhanden.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Expression des Peptidhormones Relaxin-2 in verschiedenen melanozytĂ€ren Geweben sowie dessen Einfluss auf Melanomzelllinien untersucht. Neben der Auswertung immunhistochemischer FĂ€rbungen wurden Versuche mit den Melanomzelllinien BLM und SBCL2 durchgefĂŒhrt. Bei BLM erfolgte die Transfektion eines shRNA Plasmides zur Inhibition der Relaxin-2-Expression, bei SBCL2 die Zugabe von Relaxin-2.
Die Auswertung der immunhistochemisch gefĂ€rbten PrĂ€parate ergab eine Zunahme der Relaxin-2-Rezeptoren in malignem Gewebe, wodurch ein verstĂ€rkter Einfluss von Relaxin-2 hierauf anzunehmen ist. Des Weiteren konnte ein statistisch signifikanter Einfluss von Relaxin-2 auf die Proliferation der beiden Melanomzelllinien nachgewiesen werden, d.h. in Anwesenheit von Relaxin-2 ist eine höhere ProliferationsaktivitĂ€t zu verzeichnen. Der in der Literatur beschriebene Effekt von Relaxin-2 auf die Migration maligner Zellen konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht festgestellt werden. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse im AdhĂ€sionsassay ist anzunehmen, dass Relaxin-2 bei der Melanomzelllinie SBCL2 ĂŒber die Hochregulierung von MMPs zu einer vermehrten Spaltung von Kollagen fĂŒhrt. FĂŒr die Melanomzelllinie BLM zeigte sich entgegen der Erwartungen ein gegensĂ€tzlicher Effekt. Insgesamt zeichnet sich jedoch eine Auswirkung auf die kollagenolytische FĂ€higkeit in AbhĂ€ngigkeit der Relaxin-2-Konzentration ab.
KĂŒnftig wĂ€re noch die Untersuchung der Relaxin-2-Konzentrationen in Seren von Melanompatienten interessant, ggf. sind hierbei Konzentrationsunterschiede je nach Stadium oder Progress des Melanoms festzustellen
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Forced Changes in the Arctic Freshwater Budget Emerge in the Early 21st Century
Arctic liquid freshwater (FW) storage has shown a large increase over the past decades, posing the question: Is the Arctic FW budget already showing clear signs of anthropogenic climate change, or are the observed changes the result of multidecadal variability? We show that the observed change in liquid and solid Arctic FW storage is likely already driven by the changing climate, based on ensemble simulations from a stateâofâtheâart climate model. Generally, the emergence of forced changes in Arctic FW fluxes occurs earlier for oceanic fluxes than for atmospheric or land fluxes. Nares Strait liquid FW flux is the first flux to show emergence outside the range of background variability, with this change potentially already occurring. Other FW fluxes have likely started to shift but have not yet emerged into a completely different regime. Future emissions reductions have the potential to avoid the emergence of some FW fluxes beyond the background variability. Plain Language Summary The surface waters of the Arctic Ocean are fresher than the rest of the world oceans, due to the input of large amounts of river runoff. The very fresh surface ocean affects the ocean circulation and climate not just in the Arctic Ocean but also at lower latitudes, especially in the North Atlantic. The last two decades have seen a freshening of the surface Arctic Ocean, for reasons that are currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that this freshening is likely already driven by climate change. Furthermore, we find that due to manmade climate change, Arctic freshwater fluxes to the North Atlantic are also likely to soon start showing signs of change beyond the range of the variability we have observed in the past. The information provided here about the expected timing of the emergence of climate change signals will allow us to monitor upcoming changes in real time, to better understand how changes in the Arctic Ocean can impact climate worldwide. Key Points The observed increase in Arctic liquid freshwater (FW) storage is likely already driven by climate change A forced change in liquid FW flux through Nares Strait is likely to emerge within the next decade The already changing nature of many FW budget terms can delay detection of shift and emergence from observations</p
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Definition differences and internal variability affect the simulated Arctic sea ice melt season
Satellite observations show that the Arctic sea ice melt season is getting longer. This lengthening has important implications for the Arctic Ocean's radiation budget, marine ecology and accessibility. Here we assess how passive microwave satellite observations of the melt season can be used for climate model evaluation. By using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM LE), we evaluate the effect of multiple possible definitions of melt onset, freeze onset and melt season length on comparisons with passive microwave satellite data, while taking into account the impacts of internal variability. We find that within the CESM LE, melt onset shows a higher sensitivity to definition choices than freeze onset, while freeze onset is more greatly impacted by internal variability. The CESM LE accurately simulates that the trend in freeze onset largely drives the observed pan-Arctic trend in melt season length. Under RCP8.5 forcing, the CESM LE projects that freeze onset dates will continue to shift later, leading to a pan-Arctic average melt season length of 7–9 months by the end of the 21st century. However, none of the available model definitions produce trends in the pan-Arctic melt season length as large as seen in passive microwave observations. This suggests a model bias, which might be a factor in the generally underestimated response of sea ice loss to global warming in the CESM LE. Overall, our results show that the choice of model melt season definition is highly dependent on the question posed, and none of the definitions exactly match the physics underlying the passive microwave observations.</p
3D-GebĂ€udemodelle â Grundlage siedlungsstruktureller Analysen am Beispiel Sachsens
Trotz des kontinuierlichen Anstiegs der Nachfrage nach kleinrĂ€umiger Information zur Siedlungsstruktur stehen Wissenschaft, Planung, Politik und Wirtschaft nur wenige Daten zur VerfĂŒgung, die den GebĂ€udebestand und dessen physische Struktur beschreiben. Insbesondere auf der Ebene von Parzellen oder Baublöcken fehlt es an genauen, differenzierten und aktuellen raumbezogenen Informationen. Mit dem durch die AdV standardisierten Geobasisdatenprodukt 3D-GebĂ€udemodelle in den Detaillierungsstufen 1 (LoD1) und 2 (LoD2) stehen nun neue Daten seitens der BundeslĂ€nder zur VerfĂŒgung, die siedlungsstrukturelle Analysen (u. a. Ăberbauungsgrad, Kompaktheit, GebĂ€udevolumen- und GeschossflĂ€chendichte) von neuer QualitĂ€t ermöglichen. GIS-basierte Auswertungen erlauben beispielsweise die Ableitung planungsrelevanter DichtekenngröĂen, wie die GeschossflĂ€chendichte oder das OberflĂ€chen-Volumen-VerhĂ€ltnis (A/VVerhĂ€ltnis) und stellen der Planung wichtige Informationen bereit, um beispielsweise Innenentwicklungspotenziale zu identifizieren oder Sanierungsprogramme zu konzipieren. In diesem Beitrag wird ein automatisiertes, GIS-basiertes Verfahren vorgestellt, das die Ableitung von GebĂ€udekennwerten sowie die Berechnung aggregierter GebĂ€udeindikatoren zur baulichen Dichte und Kompaktheit ermöglicht. Das Verfahren wurde am Beispiel des 3D-GebĂ€udemodells von Sachsen in der AusprĂ€gung LoD1 entwickelt und erlaubt die Ableitung von GebĂ€udevolumen, der GeschossflĂ€che oder dem mittleren A/V-VerhĂ€ltnis auf Baublockebene. Die Modellentwicklung erfolgte unter BerĂŒcksichtigung des einheitlichen Produktstandards der AdV, um eine bundesweite Anwendbarkeit sicher zu stellen. Mittels Visualisierungen werden die Ergebnisse am Beispiel der kreisfreien sĂ€chsischen GroĂstĂ€dte Dresden, Leipzig und Chemnitz im Detail vorgestellt und das Anwendungspotenzial des entwickelten Verfahrens diskutiert
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Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6
We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic seaâice area and volume. We find that CMIP6 models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic seaâice area, capturing the observational estimate within the multimodel ensemble spread. The CMIP6 multimodel ensemble mean provides a more realistic estimate of the sensitivity of September Arctic seaâice area to a given amount of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and to a given amount of global warming, compared with earlier CMIP experiments. Still, most CMIP6 models fail to simulate at the same time a plausible evolution of seaâice area and of global mean surface temperature. In the vast majority of the available CMIP6 simulations, the Arctic Ocean becomes practically seaâice free (seaâice area &lt;1 × 10 6 km 2 ) in September for the first time before the Year 2050 in each of the four emission scenarios SSP1â1.9, SSP1â2.6, SSP2â4.5, and SSP5â8.5 examined here.</p
Assessing the potential capability of reconstructing glacial Atlantic water masses and AMOC using multiple proxies in CESM
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gu, S., Liu, Z., Oppo, D. W., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Jahn, A., Zhang, J., & Wu, L. Assessing the potential capability of reconstructing glacial Atlantic water masses and AMOC using multiple proxies in CESM. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 541, (2020): 11629, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116294.Reconstructing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is essential for understanding glacial-interglacial climate change and the carbon cycle. However, despite many previous studies, uncertainties remain regarding the glacial water mass distributions in the Atlantic and the AMOC intensity. Here we use an isotope enabled ocean model with multiple geotracers (ÎŽ 13 C,E Îd,231 Pa/ 230Th,ÎŽ 18 Î and Î 14 C) and idealized water tracers to study the potential constraints on LGM ocean circulation from multiple proxies. Our model suggests that the glacial Atlantic water mass distribution can be accurately constrained by the air-sea gas exchange signature of water masses (ÎŽ13 C AS), but E Nd might overestimate the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) percentage in the deep Atlantic probably because of the boundary source of Nd. A sensitivity experiment with an AMOC of similar geometry but much weaker strength suggests that the correct AMOC geometry is more important than the AMOC strength for simulating the observed glacial ÎŽ13 C AS and E Nd and distributions. The kinematic tracer 231Pa/230Th is sensitive to AMOC intensity, but the interpretation might be complicated by the AMOC geometry and AABW transport changes during the LGM. ÎŽ 18 Î in the benthic foraminifera (ÎŽ 18 Îc) from the Florida Straits provides a consistent measure of the upper ocean boundary current in the model, which potentially provides an unambiguous method to reconstruct glacial AMOC intensity. Finally, we propose that the moderate difference between AMOC intensity at LGM and PD, if any, is caused by the competition of the responses to CO2 forcing and continental ice sheet forcing.We thank two anonymous reviewers for their useful and constructive comments. We also thank Editor Dr Laura F. Robinson for handling the manuscript. This work is supported by National Science Foundation of China No. 41630527, US National Science Foundation (NSF) P2C2 projects (1401778, 1401802, and 1566432). We would like to acknowledge the high-performance computing support from Yellowstone (ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) and Cheyenne (doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX) provided by NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and from Center for High Performance Computing and System Simulation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao). Data used to produce the results in this study can be obtained from HPSS at CISL: /home/sgu28/CTRACE_decadal or by contacting the authors
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