Language use in new media digital communication among Iraqi interlocutors

Language is constructed according to distinguishable forms and rules that individuals follow and native speakers have a conceptual pattern of these rules. However, linguistic rules that shift over time have exceptions, such as the plural of woman is women, not woman. In fact,we may recognise exceptions and alter by referencing our understanding of rules shared within a language community. Through Facebook, interlocutors could share their languages that enhance their ability to manipulate communication with others. Language is an opportunity for interpersonal dialogue and the new media language of Facebook adds fuel to the linguistic fire. This study will describe the linguistic patterns of language use among 730 Iraqi members of a translator’s group in Baghdad University, specifically on Facebook and identify the mistakes through their communication. The methodology used in this study is Grice’s Maxims (1975) and the results show the participants' understanding and awareness in the adaptation of the four maxims. In summary, the group practises different language styles, dialects, and lack the use of grammatical rules and prepositions. This means that there ismisunderstanding of linguistic rules as well as frequent use of abbreviation in their speech and code-switching that leads them to resort to exercising their mother language (the Arabic language). To conclude, there is a serious lack of research on Iraqi speech via Facebook and the study ends with practical recommendations for researchers and educator

Strategies for translating euphemistic expressions from African English into Arabic in "A grain of wheat"

This study examines the strategies for translating euphemistic expressions from African-English into Arabic. Euphemism is a figure of speech which conceals unpleasant or sad ideas. This study aims to fulfill two main objectives; to identify translation strategies,and to examine the influence of sociocultural differences in translating euphemistic meanings in “A Grain of Wheat" from English into Arabic. Euphemism poses a significant problem in translation as it requires an accurate equivalence in the receptor’s language as well as competence of the translator in interpreting and rendering the meaning of euphemistic expressions. Inadequate translation of euphemistic expressions leads to distortion of the intended meaning and may cause inaccuracy, ineffectiveness and dysphemism in the target language. The analysis was carried out on 24 sets of euphemistic expressions taken from 136 expressions that include 49 items for death, 62 items for sex, 15 items for human body and 10 items for bodily function collected from Ngūgī’s novel "A Grain of Wheat" and its translations into Arabic by Abdul-kareem Mahfouz (1983) and Salman Hassen Al-Aqidi (1987). "A Grain of Wheat” was chosen because it is Ngūgī’s influential work that proves its mettle in realising how writing could be an instrument to progress. The novel is loaded with euphemistic expressions and cultural nuances. This study is qualitative in nature and adopted the model of Allan and Burridge (1991) on four topics encompassing death, sex, human body, and bodily function. The study employed textual analysis method based on the strategies proposed by Leppihalme (1997) and Unseth (2006). The findings showed that the rendering of euphemistic expressions seemed to be discrepant between both Arab translators. Both translators used three strategies, namely literal, omission and structure change to preserve the SL flavour and integrity. Both translators also strived to keep the meaning in the source texts sound natural by transferring the SL’s structure. Omission and literal strategy employed by the translators frequently may not express euphemistic words functionally.The findings also revealed that both translators attempted to translate semantically the euphemistic expressions but at the expense of rendering them adequately into the target culture. While the researcher found similarities and differences in the employment of translation strategies in translating the euphemistic expressions, the Syrian translation is apparently better delivered than the Iraqi translation. The findings also suggested that knowledge and competence of the translators in handling sociocultural differences as well as the employment of effective strategies such as those proposed by Leppihalme and Unseth are indispensable tools for solving the problems of translating euphemistic expressions

Influence of Sociocultural Differences in Translating Euphemistic Expressions from English into Arabic in “A Grain of Wheat"

The study investigated the sociocultural differences in translating Euphemistic expressions from English into Arabic. Particularly, the study took the novel “A Grain of Wheat” to show the differences of these expressions usage by two translators from different cultures. The study adapts a qualitative approach applied in Leppihalme’s (1997) and Unseth’s (2006) translation strategies to focus on the sociocultural differences in translating expressions as; Death, Sex, Human body, Bodily function, since they are the most popular Euphemistic expressions in each culture. The results show that both translators employed omission and literal strategy frequently which may not express euphemistic words functionally. Additionally, both translators attempted to translate the euphemistic expressions semantically at the expense of rendering them adequately into the target culture. However, inspite of the similarities and differences in the employment of translation strategies in translating the euphemistic expressions by both translators, Syrian translation is apparently better delivered than the Iraqi translation. Hence, the findings suggested that knowledge and competence of the translators in handling sociocultural differences as well as the employment of effective strategies such as those proposed by Leppihalme and Unseth are indispensable tools for solving the problems of translating euphemistic expressions. Keywords: Sociocultural differences, translation studies, euphemistic expression

Influence of Sociocultural Differences in Translating Euphemistic Expressions from English into Arabic in “A Grain of Wheat"

The study investigated the sociocultural differences in translating Euphemistic expressions from English into Arabic. Particularly, the study took the novel “A Grain of Wheat” to show the differences of these expressions usage by two translators from different cultures. The study adapts a qualitative approach applied in Leppihalme’s (1997) and Unseth’s (2006) translation strategies to focus on the sociocultural differences in translating expressions as; Death, Sex, Human body, Bodily function, since they are the most popular Euphemistic expressions in each culture. The results show that both translators employed omission and literal strategy frequently which may not express euphemistic words functionally. Additionally, both translators attempted to translate the euphemistic expressions semantically at the expense of rendering them adequately into the target culture. However, inspite of the similarities and differences in the employment of translation strategies in translating the euphemistic expressions by both translators, Syrian translation is apparently better delivered than the Iraqi translation. Hence, the findings suggested that knowledge and competence of the translators in handling sociocultural differences as well as the employment of effective strategies such as those proposed by Leppihalme and Unseth are indispensable tools for solving the problems of translating euphemistic expressions.Keywords: Sociocultural differences, translation studies, euphemistic expression