Social Feeding In Ladybird Beetles: Adaptive Significance And Mechanism

Young larvae of Adalia bipunctata search an area more intensively when exposed to the odour from other larvae feeding on aphids than when exposed only to the odour of aphids. In an olfactometer young larvae were significantly attracted either to the odour of crushed aphids or larvae feeding on aphids, but not to that of aphids, larvae, larvae plus aphids or larvae feeding on an artificial diet. That is, the change in searching behaviour appears in response to a volatile released by aphids when attacked. The odour released by crushed aphids is made up entirely of aphid alarm pheromone, b-farnesene. It is likely that the adaptive significance of this response is that it increases the ability of larvae to locate larvae that have already caught prey. By sharing the aphid kill of another larva it is likely that a first instar ladybird larva greatly increases its probability of surviving to the next instar. It is suggested that this social feeding is facilitated by egg clustering, which also may additionally account for why aphidophagous ladybirds lay their eggs in clusters

Role Of Surface Chemical Signals In Egg Cannibalism And Intraguild Predation In Ladybirds (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

The eggs of some ladybirds are known to be toxic to intraguild ladybird predators. However, this defence is of little value if the eggs are killed before their toxicity becomes apparent. The results presented in this paper indicate that chemicals on the surface of the eggs of two species of ladybirds signal the relative risk of cannibalism and intraguild predation. In Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata, 87% of the chemicals are alkanes. Each species of ladybird is less reluctant to eat their own eggs than those of the other species. This asymmetry is to be expected because there is a greater risk to ladybirds from intraguild predation than cannibalism. Similar alkanes to those on the surface of the eggs of A. bipunctata are present in tracks left by larvae and on the elytra of the adults of this species. Those in the larval tracks deter females from ovipositing in patches of prey already being attacked by their larvae and those on the elytra are used in mate recognition. That different context dependent messages could be signalled by similar chemicals is an example of semiochemical parsimony

Chemical Nature And Persistence Of The Oviposition Deterring Pheromone In The Tracks Of The Larvae Of The Two Spot Ladybird, Adalia Bipunctata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

peer reviewedAphidophagous ladybirds are reluctant to oviposit in patches of prey where conspecific larvae are present. This is adaptive as larval cannibalism is a major threat to egg survival. Ladybirds avoid laying eggs in such patches by responding to a species specific oviposition deterring pheromone present in the tracks of larvae. This study revealed that the oviposition deterring pheromone consists of a mixture of alkanes of which n-pentacosane is the major component (15.1%). These alkanes are likely to spread easily on the hydrophobic cuticle of plants and so leave a large signal. In addition, they are not quickly oxidized and therefore provide a long lasting signal. The latter was confirmed by the observation that 10 day old tracks still deterred oviposition

Optimal Foraging By Hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) And Ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) - Mechanisms

Coccinellids and syrphids that feed on aphids and coccids face the same problem: an unstable food supply. Their eggs and larvae face cannibalism and/or starvation if the aphid colony they attack declines in abundance before they mature. Optimal foraging theory predicts that such predators should lay a few eggs early in the development of an aphid colony. Studies on two species of coccinellid and one species of syrphid revealed that they do respond to the quality as well as the abundance of their prey. By refraining from laying eggs in aphid colonies already exploited by predators and those that are shortly to decline in abundance when the aphids disperse, these predators are able to forage in a way that is consistent with the predictions of optimal foraging theory

Esterase Isozymes In Tribolium-Castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) - Potential Uses In Ethological And Ecological-Studies Of Stored-Product Insects

peer reviewe

Development of the rosy apple aphid within its habitat: structural and physiological aspects in apple trees

International audienc

Discrimination of parasitized aphids by a hoverfly predator: effects on larval performance, foraging, and oviposition behavior

The choice of oviposition site by female aphidophagous predators is crucial for offspring performance, especially in hoverflies whose newly hatched larvae are unable to move over large distance. Predator and parasitoid interactions within the aphidophagous guild are likely to be very important in influencing the choices made by predatory hoverfly females. In the present study, the foraging and oviposition behavior of the aphidophagous hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus DeGeer (Diptera: Syrphidae) was investigated with respect to the parasitized state of its aphid prey, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae), that were parasitized by Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). We also recorded the number of eggs laid by hoverfly females when subjected to parasitized aphids. Furthermore, we studied the influence of being fed with parasitized aphids on hoverfly larval performance. Hoverfly females did not exhibit any preference for plants infested with unparasitized or aphids parasitized for 7 days. On the other hand, plants infested with mummies or exuvia were less attractive for E. balteatus. These results were correlated with (i) the number of eggs laid by E. balteatus females and (ii) larval performance. Thus, our results demonstrate that E. balteatus behavior is affected by parasitoid presence through their exploitation of aphid colonies. Indeed, hoverfly predators select their prey according to the developmental state of the parasitoid larvae