496 research outputs found
Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment--The Supreme Court\u27s Cursory Treatment of Underlying Conduct in Successive Prosecutions
Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment--The Supreme Court\u27s Cursory Treatment of Underlying Conduct in Successive Prosecutions
Integration of bovine herpesvirus 4 genome into cultured persistently infected host cell genome
Persistent infection of macrophages with bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been proposed to play a secondary causal role, along with bacterial infection, in bovine post-partum metritis. Mechanisms of maintenance of BoHV-4 persistent infection are not understood. We previously generated in vitro models of BoHV-4 persistent infection in human rhadomyosarcoma and bovine macrophage cell lines by drug selection of cells infected with BoHV-4 carrying a drug-resistance marker, and demonstrated circular episomal BoHV-4 genomes. In the present study, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to demonstrate BoHV-4 genomes also integrated into the genomes of these persistently infected cells
Neglecting polydispersity degrades propensity measurements in supercooled liquids
We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of a bidisperse Kob-Andersen (KA)
glass former, modified to add in additional polydispersity. The original KA
system is known to exhibit dynamical heterogeneity. Prior work defined
propensity, the mean motion of a particle averaged over simulations
reconstructing the initial positions of all particles but with randomized
velocities. The existence of propensity shows that structure and dynamics are
connected. In this paper, we study systems which mimic problems that would be
encountered in measuring propensity in a colloidal glass former, where
particles are polydisperse (they have slight size variations). We mimic
polydispersity by altering the bidisperse KA system into a quartet consisting
of particles both slightly larger and slightly smaller than the parent
particles in the original bidisperse system. We then introduce errors into the
reconstruction of the initial positions that mimic mistakes one might make in a
colloidal experiment. The mistakes degrade the propensity measurement, in some
cases nearly completely; one no longer has an isoconfigurational ensemble in
any useful sense. Our results show that a polydisperse sample is suitable for
propensity measurements provided one avoids reconstruction mistakes.Comment: Implications for hypothetical colloidal experiment to test propensit
Novel durable antimicrobial ceramic with embedded copper sub-microparticles for a steady-state release of copper ions
Using pottery clay, porous ceramic stones were molded and then decorated with copper sub-microparticles inside the pores. Copper added antimicrobial functionality to the clay-based ceramic and showed ability in disinfecting water. Populations of both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in contaminated water were reduced by \u3e99.9% in 3 h when exposed to an antimicrobial stone. This antimicrobial performance is attributed to a slow release of copper into water at both room and elevated temperatures. Copper is leached by water to produce ion concentrations in water at a level of 0.05â0.20 ppm after 24 to 72 h immersion tests. This concentration is reproducible over a number of cycles \u3e400. To our knowledge, this is the first formulation of copper sub-microparticles inside the porous structure of commercial-sized ceramic stones that can disinfect bacteria-contaminated water over a period of at least several months
Lunar lander conceptual design
This paper is a first look at the problems of building a lunar lander to support a small lunar surface base. A series of trade studies was performed to define the lander. The initial trades concerned choosing number of stages, payload mass, parking orbit altitude, and propellant type. Other important trades and issues included plane change capability, propellant loading and maintenance location, and reusability considerations. Given a rough baseline, the systems were then reviewed. A conceptual design was then produced. The process was carried through only one iteration. Many more iterations are needed. A transportation system using reusable, aerobraked orbital transfer vehicles (OTV's) is assumed. These OTV's are assumed to be based and maintained at a low Earth orbit (LEO) space station, optimized for transportation functions. Single- and two-stage OTV stacks are considered. The OTV's make the translunar injection (TLI), lunar orbit insertion (LOI), and trans-Earth injection (TEI) burns, as well as midcourse and perigee raise maneuvers
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Session B2- Building a fishway for Lake Sturgeon: Successful testing of a prototype upstream fishway on the Menomine River in Northern Wisconsin
Historically, lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) were abundant in Lake Michigan with free and unobstructed access to the feeding and spawning areas within its many tributaries. Construction and operation of hydroelectric dams has impeded this access. One method for re-establishing this lost connection is to create an artificial pathway such as a fish passage facility. To help answer some basic questions, such as will sturgeon use a fishway, we constructed a prototype fish passage structure below a hydroelectric dam on the Menominee River in northern Wisconsin. This hydroelectric facility is located near Amberg, Wisconsin and owned by We Energies. The structure was designed with a ramp to a 1.07 meters per second (mps). The structure was equipped with a Passive Integrated Transponder tag (PIT tag) reader antenna and underwater video cameras equipped with infrared lights. All monitoring equipment were installed and activated before the start of the 2009 spring spawning season 9mid-April) and removed following the 2010 autumn migration (mid-October). PIT tag records indicated that 86 tagged lake surgeon used the passage structure in 2009 and 112 in 2010, with many sturgeon going through the structure multiple times. Video data verified these results and also indicated that these sturgeon moved through the structure rather quickly (mean = 3 sec in camera view). Extrapolated to the whole sturgeon population, nearly 20% of the spawning population went through the prototype fishway in 2009 and 24% in 2010. For both years of the study, larger sturgeon were observed during the spring spawning season versus the remainder of the year, 25.4 centimeters longer on average. In 2010, the structure was fitted with a V-trap (45.7 cm gap width with 0.46 mps constant water velocity) to test whether these fish can be trapped in an elevator hopper. Those results indicate both small and large sturgeon (as small as 49.5 cm and as large as 142.2cm, respectively) will pass through a 45.7 cm wide V-trap opening without hesitation. Video and PIT tag results indicated that sturgeon can be successfully attracted to and passed through a prototype upstream fish passage facilities currently planned for lake sturgeon in the Midwest
HYR1-Mediated Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species Is Required for Full Virulence in the Rice Blast Fungus
During plant-pathogen interactions, the plant may mount several types of defense
responses to either block the pathogen completely or ameliorate the amount of
disease. Such responses include release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to
attack the pathogen, as well as formation of cell wall appositions (CWAs) to
physically block pathogen penetration. A successful pathogen will likely have
its own ROS detoxification mechanisms to cope with this inhospitable
environment. Here, we report one such candidate mechanism in the rice blast
fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, governed by a gene we refer to as
MoHYR1. This gene (MGG_07460) encodes a glutathione
peroxidase (GSHPx) domain, and its homologue in yeast was reported to
specifically detoxify phospholipid peroxides. To characterize this gene in
M. oryzae, we generated a deletion
mutantÎhyr1 which showed growth inhibition with
increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover,
we observed that the fungal mutants had a decreased ability to tolerate ROS
generated by a susceptible plant, including ROS found associated with CWAs.
Ultimately, this resulted in significantly smaller lesion sizes on both barley
and rice. In order to determine how this gene interacts with other (ROS)
scavenging-related genes in M. oryzae, we compared expression
levels of ten genes in mutant versus wild type with and without
H2O2. Our results indicated that the
HYR1 gene was important for allowing the fungus to tolerate
H2O2
in vitro and in planta and that this ability
was directly related to fungal virulence
Zonisamide (CI-912) and Cognition: Results from Preliminary Study
Nine patients with refractory partial seizures were evaluated in a pilot study of a new anticonvulsant compound, zonisamide (l,2-benzisoxazole-3-methane-sulfonamide; CI-912). Cognitive functioning was evaluated prior to treatment with zonisamide and repeated after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment with zonisamide. At minimum steady-state plasma concentrations >30 jjug/ml, zonisamide appeared to affect specific cognitive functions such as acquisition and consolidation of new information. Previously learned material, such as vocabulary, and psychomotor performance were not affected. Verbal learning was affected, while visual-perceptual learning was unimpaired. These cognitive effects were observed in the absence of the usual clinical signs and symptoms of toxicity. A linear relationship was found between impairment of cognitive abilities and the minimum plasma concentration (r = -0.73; p < 0.05). Findings also suggest the development of tolerance to the adverse cognitive effects. RESUMEN En un estudio piloto realizado para valorar la eficacia de la zonisamida (1,2-Bencisoxazol-melanosulfonamida [CI-912]), un nuevo compuesto anticonvulsive se han evaluado unos 9 pa-cientes con ataques parciales refractarios al tratamiento. Se de-terminĂ la capacidad cognitiva anterior al tratamiento y se re-pitio 12 y 24 semanas despuĂs del tratamiento con zonisamida. Con concentraciones plasmĂticas mĂnimas estables per encima de 30 mcg/ml, la zonisamida afectĂ las funciones cognitives especĂficas tales como la adquisiciĂn y consolidaciĂn de nueva informaciĂn. El material aprendido previamente, tal como el vo-cabulario, y las funciones psicomotoras no se afectaron. El aprendizaje verbal se modificĂ mientras que el aprendizaje visuo-perfectivo no se modificĂ. Estos efectos cognitivos se ob-servaron en ausencia de los habituales signos y sĂntomas clĂnicos de toxicidad. Se encontrĂ una relaciĂn lineal entre la alteraciĂn de las posibilidades cognitivas y la concentraciĂn plasmĂtica mĂnima (r = -0.73, p < 0.05). Estos hallazgos tambiĂn sugieren el desarrollo de una tolerancia a los efectos cognitivos adversos. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 9 Patienten mit rezidivierenden Partial-AnfĂllen wurden in einer Pilotstudie mit einer neuen antiepileptischen Substanz: Zonisamide untersucht. Die kognitiven Funktionen wurden vor der Behandlung mit Zonisamide geprtĂft und nach 12 und 24 Therapiewochen mit Zonisamide wiederholt. Bei einem Min-destplasmaspiegel von 30 mcg/ml schien Zonisamide spezifische kognitive FĂhigkeiten wie Aufnahme und Speicherung neuer In-formationen zu beeintrĂchtigen. Vorher gelernte Inhalte wie sprachliche und psychomotorische Fertigkeiten wurden nicht beeinfluĂt. Verbales Lernen war ebenfalls betroffen, wĂhrend visuell, perzeptives Lernen nicht verschlechtert war. Diese BeeintrĂchtigung kognitiver Funktionen wurde bei fehlenden klinischen Intoxikationszeichen beobachtet. Eine lineare Bezie-hung zwischen Verschlechterung kognitiver FĂhigkeiten und Mindest-Plasmaspiegel konnte hergestellt werden (r = -0,73; p < 0,05). Allerdings lassen die Ergebnisse auch auf eine GewĂhnung an diese unerwĂnschten Nebenwirkungen schlieĂen.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65995/1/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03624.x.pd
Immunization With Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Based Vector Delivering PPRV-H Protein Protects Sheep From PPRV Challenge
The Morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that mostly affects sheep and goats and produces considerable losses in developing countries. Current PPRV control strategies rely on live-attenuated vaccines, which are not ideal, as they cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Recombinant vector-based vaccines expressing viral subunits can provide an alternative to conventional vaccines, as they can be easily paired with DIVA diagnostic tools. In the present work, we used the bovine herpesvirus-4-based vector (BoHV-4-A) to deliver PPRV hemagglutinin H antigen (BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ÎTK). Vaccination with BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ÎTK protected sheep from virulent PPRV challenge and prevented virus shedding. Protection correlated with anti-PPRV IgGs, neutralizing antibodies and IFN-Îł-producing cells induced by the vaccine. Detection of antibodies exclusively against H-PPRV in animal sera and not against other PPRV viral proteins such as F or N could serve as a DIVA diagnostic test when using BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ÎTK as vaccine. Our data indicate that BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ÎTK could be a promising new approach for PPRV eradication programs
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