Spatial correlation of radar and gauge precipitation data in high temporal resolution

A multi-sites precipitation time series generator for engineering designs is currently being developed. The objective is to generate several time series&apos; simultaneously with correct inter-station relationships. Therefore, a model to estimate correlation between stations for arbitrary points in a project area is needed, using rain gauge data as well as radar data. <br><br> Two methods are applied to compare the spatial behaviour of precipitation in both the rain gauge data and the radar data. The first approach is to calculate precipitation intensities from radar reflectivity and use it as gauge data. The results show that the spatial structure in both data sets is similar, but cross correlation varies too much to use radar derived spatial correlation to describe gauge inter-station relationship. Thus, a second approach was tested to account for the differences in the spatial correlation associated to the distribution. Using the indicator time series, cross correlations for different quantiles were calculated from both the rain gauge and radar data. This approach shows that cross correlation varies depending on the chosen quantile. In the lower quantiles, the correlation is very similar in rain gauge and radar data, hence a transfer is possible. This insight is useful to derive cross correlations of rain gauges from radar images. Correlation data for rain gauges thus obtained contains all the information about heterogeneity and anisotropy of the spatial structure of rainfall, which is in the radar data

Berechnung von Blechumformprozessen auf der Grundlage der Abbildung von Flächen

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Where there are no resources: Emergency Cesarean Sections in conflict zones in West Africa performed under Ketamine Anesthesia without intubation are safe

Aim: The aim of this retrospective, observational study was to test the hypothesis that general anesthesia with i.v. ketamine and without intubation as frequently practiced in humanitarian projects in Africa can be used with relative safety for emergency cesarean sections (CS) in a partly evacuated District Hospital in Northern Ivory Coast during time of conflict. Method: We analyzed 125 consecutive CS out of which 28 had been performed under ketamine anesthesia (KA) and 97 under spinal anesthesia (SPA) for significant differences in survival to discharge and major intra-operative complications using student’s t test. KA was administered with 0,5mg Atropine i.v., 5mg Diazepam i.v. and an initial bolus of 0,5mg/kg Ketamine with additional doses of 0,25mg/kg as needed. SPA was done with 2,5 ml normobaric Bupivacaine 0,5%. Results:n: SPA=97,KA=28; survival to discharge: SPA=96,KA=28; intra op CPR: SPA=1,KA=0 (n.s.); aspiration/laryngospasm: SPA=0,KA=0; „high spinal“ (treated with mask ventilation): SPA=3,KA=0(p<0,05). The one patient not surviving to discharge was found dead in bed by the night nurse 16h post op. The patient had received a unit of blood one hour earlier. Her death does not seem to be related to the type of anaesthesia given. The patient needing CPR had presented with a ruptured uterus during labour. She arrested after our national anaestetist had chosen to perform a SPA. She received CPR for 25 min and was converted to an intubation anaesthesia with Ketamine and Vecuronium. She received 4l of crystalloids and all available 4 units of blood. The neonate was delivered with CS and was fine after some initial stimulation. After hysterectomy the mother was manually ventilated for 10h and then extubated due to a lack of resources. She recovered well and was discharged after 6 days. Conclusion: Our data suggests that KA can be applied with relative safety for emergency CS. In our experience it is the method of choice for haemodynamically instable patients especially if the local experience with intubation is minimal