15 research outputs found
The effect of soil and climatic conditions on the distribution of nutrients in Actinidia arguta leaves
The patterns of the distribution of nutrients in kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.), family Actinidiaceae (Gilg & Werderm), leaves growing under different soil and climatic conditions (Ukraine and China) were studied. Using scanning electron microscopy, significant differences were shown in the distribution of assimilates and mineral nutrients in the leaves of kiwiberry cultivated under different climate and soil conditions (Kyiv city, Ukraine and Jiamusi, China). The leaves of plants grown in China have higher concentration of all of the studied nutrients exception for silicon. The differences found in the content of macro- and microelements in plant tissues are consistent with their total content in the soil, and depend on the synthesis of low molecular weight organic compounds, namely, hydroxybenzoic, benzoic and triterpene acids. An increase in the silicon content in the leaves of kiwiberry plants grown in Ukraine indicates the moisture deficit in the soil. This conclusion is confirmed by the anatomical differences viz. the presence of additional integumentary formations and fewer stomata number per 1 mm2 of leaf surface. The specific feature of βPerlyna saduβ cultivar was high concentrations of sodium and aluminum in the foliar tissues, regardless of the place of growth. The analysis of the distribution of nutrients in the leaves located along the stem showed remobilization of the former within the three layers: the lower one nourishes the roots, the upper one nourishes the leaves in the active growth phase and the middle one allocates the assimilates in both directions. A significant positive relationship was found between the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and electrophysiological activity, especially for the leaves of the lower zone. The revealed differentiation into layers differing in polarity of bioelectric potentials and the distribution of assimilates suggests functional differentiation of the kiwiberry leaves. In particular, the leaves of the lower layer perform a storage function. The middle part is less conservative and characterized by higher sensitivity to environmental factors performs a mainly synthetic function. The upper layer performs an active growth function. The results of the comparative analysis of the indicators of the number of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells proved that the obtained dependence can be used as a diagnostic criterion in assessing the predicted plant productivity at the early stages of their development
Π‘Π ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ― ΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ― Π₯ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ VISCUMALBUM L. Π VISCUM ALBUM SUBSP. AUSTRIACUM (WIESB.) VOLLMANN
Π£ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½-Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»., Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ, Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΈ, Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½-Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Ρ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΊ Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΡΠ², Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
Β β ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ» Ρ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π·Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π·Π° ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΈ Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ.The widespread dissemination of mistletoe is actual now. Viscum album is a perennial evergreen plant parasitic on the branches of many deciduous trees. Its subspecies, Viscum album subsp. Austriacum, grows on conifers, mostly on pine trees. In Belarus mistletoe Austrian is listed in the Red Book. If we study the elemental composition and determine the dynamics of mineral substances in the leaves of the semiparasite, its haustoria, and also the wood of the host plant and compare this dynamics on deciduous and coniferous species in the defeat of the mistletoe, we will find the mechanisms of protection from hemiparasite. The amount of Ca and K in wood, haustoria and leaves of plants, their role and quantity are determined and comparative analysis of Cu and S is shown in the paper. The indicators of deficiency or excess of copper coincide with the indices of Zn, Mn and Mg. B provide the plant with intensive cellular differentiation. Ni and Fe values are highest in the leaves of mistletoe of all plants, and in Haustorium, which may indicate a high concentration of heavy metals. Pb, Co, Sr and others accumulated in wood and haustorium, which indicates the weakening of the host plant. Phosphorus in healthy plants is concentrated mainly in reproductive or young organs. Na is not critical in the development of plants, in the absence or lack of potassium, it easily replaces it. According to the literature, the treatment of the effects of Viscum album and Viscum album subsp. Austriacum on host plants is ambiguous. Some authors consider it a killing plant, others β an indicator. Mistletoe is able to accumulate heavy metals in leaves and haustoria, which, most likely, weakens the plant on which it lives. Also mistletoe feeding on the mineral elements of the host takes away from it the necessary set of useful substances for full life support and stimulates the development or accumulation of some elements in place of others, for example, barium. Thus, we may conclude that today there is no common opinion in the methods of combating Viscum album and its subspecies. The only effective method is the mechanical removal of mistletoe bushes from the host tree.Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ-Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»., Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ-Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ-ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ-Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠΏΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π², Π³Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ-Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
Β β ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ
Physiological responses of orchids to prolonged clinorotation
Creation of plant-based bioregenerative life support systems is crucial for future long-duration space exploring missions. Microgravity is one of the major stresses affecting plant growth and development under space flight conditions. Search for higher plant genotypes resilient to microgravity as well as revealing of biological features which could be used as markers of such resilience is rather urgently needed. The objective of this study was to analyze physiological and biochemical responses of three orchid species representing different life forms (terrestrial and epiphytic), growth types (monopodial and sympodial) and pathways of CO2 fixation to long-term (24 months) clinorotation which modeled the combined effect of two stress factors: hermetic conditions and microgravity. Three years old meristematic orchids Cypripedium flavum, Angraecum eburneum, Epidendrum radicans, representing different life forms, types of branching shoot system and pathways of CO2 fixation, were used as test-plants. The microgravity was simulated using three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat equipped with two rotation axes placed at right angles (rotation frequency was 3 rpm) in controlled conditions of air temperature, illumination, air humidity and substrate moisture. The control plants were grown in the similar plastic vessels but not hermetically sealed and without clinorotating in the same environmental conditions. The vital state of the test plants was assessed using characteristics of mineral nutrition, content of photosynthetic pigments, free amino acids, soluble proteins, DNA and RNA, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The results of this study confirmed that orchids grown under simulated microgravity and kept in hermetically-sealed vessels were subjected to oxidative stress, which could be responsible for the observed inhibition of basic physiological processes such as mineral nutrition, metabolism of aminoacids, protein biosynthesis and photosynthesis. Monopodial orchids C. flavum and A. eburneum demonstrated better adaptation to prolonged clinorotation as compared to sympodial E. radicans. In particular, the latter demonstrated some stimulation of mineral nutrition processes (i.e. K, N, Fe, Mn, Zn accumulation), content of photosynthetic pigments, proline and superoxide dismutase activity. Long-lasting clinorotation induced adaptive changes of antioxidant systems in the studied orchids (e.i. increase in carotenoids and proline content and stimulation of superoxide dismutase activity), which helped to maintain the main physiological functions at stable level in the above-mentioned stressful conditions. The following biochemical characteristics in the studied orchids could be considered as markers of resilience to simulated microgravity and hermetic conditions: 1) an increase in the accumulation of non-enzymatic (proline, carotenoids) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase); 2) ability to maintain stable balance of mineral nutrients; 3) increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments; 4) increase in the content of proteinogenic amino acids and soluble proteins; 5) increase in the DNA content or RNA/DNA ratio. Our studies have also demonstrated a correlation between orchid ecomorphological characteristics such as type of branching with their adaptive responses to prolonged clinorotation. We observed no correlation between the studied life form of orchids, ecotype or the pathway of CO2 fixation and their resilience to prolonged clinorotation. This research can be a starting point for studying the relationships between ecomorphological features of various orchids and their resilience to microgravity conditions in the search for biological markers of microgravity tolerance in species of higher plants
Π£Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ RGB
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π£Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏβΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ· Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ RGB (Red, Green, Blue).
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ 60 ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Adobe Photoshop CC ΡΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² RGB.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ RGB Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² RGB Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Adobe Photoshop Π‘Π‘ Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π±Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ
Peculiarities of the distribution of assimilates in the organs of Schisandra chinensis plants under different soil and climatic conditions
Peculiarities of accumulation of nutrients in the leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and rhizosphere soil under the conditions of its continuous monoculture have been studied. Comparative analysis of the distribution of nutrients in the leaves of plants under different soil and climatic conditions revealed significant differences. It was found that plants grown on podzolic chernozem of Kolomyia State Forest Fund (Otyniia, Ukraine) were characterized by more intensive absorption of such nutrients as Ca, Si, P, Cu, Zn and Mg. The content of P, K, S, Mn was much higher in the foliar tissues of S. chinensis plants cultivated on the territory of the M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) in the conditions of dark grey forest soil. The high ability of plants to accumulate and release Mg into the rhizosphere soil was revealed, which is fully consistent with the selective ability of plants to release mineral elements into the soil environment in accordance with their ecomorphotypes. At the same time, the amount of Ca in the rhizosphere soil decreased significantly at the end of the vegetative period, which could be explained, on the one hand, by the intensive influx of Ca into plant tissues and, on the other hand, by participation in chemical balancing processes to reduce manganese and nitrogen mobility in the soil. Barrier-free accumulation of Fe, Ca, Mg, Al elements in S. chinensis leaves was revealed, which should be taken into account when developing plant cultivation technology. The studies of allelopathy activity of vegetative and generative organs of plants and rhizosphere soil have shown that phenolic substances accumulate in small amounts in the soil under S. chinensis, which is a prerequisite for successful cultivation of this fruit vine in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under conditions of continuous long-term cultivation. The largest amount of phenolic substances was in the upper soil horizons, which gradually decreased with depth, which is consistent with the course of redox processes for the studied soil profiles. The pool of free amino acids of S. chinensis plants growing in different soil and climatic conditions was analyzed, the concentration of amino acids in the leaves was the most indicative. Evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative distribution of free amino acids in plant tissues serves as a diagnostic sign of plant sensitivity to soil and climatic conditions
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π°
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ²
ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ
Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ 60 ΠΎΡΡΠ± ΡΠ· ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ 20-50 ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠΊ 31,2 Β± 11,1 ΡΡΠΊ). ΠΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 20 Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ± (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠΊ 30,9 Β± 10,7 ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ²). ΠΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ RGB Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Adobe Photoshop. ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΄'ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² Π· ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ. Π£ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Β«Π‘ΠΠΒ»; ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Β«ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ». Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ.
ΠΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² RGB Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π±Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ: ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π° 4 ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΊ Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ. Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ 10 ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ² Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ±. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ² Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎ (Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²), ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎ (ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ). ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ (Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ β Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ) ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°
ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ
ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ², Π³ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ±βΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ RGB Π² Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ, Π° Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄
ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ. ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ Π΄Π°Ρ Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ².ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎ-ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎ-ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ 60 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈ
Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 20-50 Π»Π΅Ρ (ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ 31,2 Β± 11,1 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
20 Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ (ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ 30,9 Β± 10,7 Π»Π΅Ρ). ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ RGB Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Adobe
Photoshop. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π‘ΠΠΒ»; ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Β«ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ».
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² RGB Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Adobe Photoshop
Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° 4 Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 10 Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
(Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ β Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ) ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ RGB Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ°, Π° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° - Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ².Introduction. The urgency of the issue on diagnosis of pathological head and neck scars has resulted
from a growing prevalence of pathological scars. Quite often, patients with pathological scars require psychological rehabilitation. The purpose of our study is to improve the effectiveness of the treatment of scars by
identifying a specific type of scar and taking into account the psychological state of the patient. Materials and
methods. Under our supervision, there were 60 people with head and neck scars aged 20-50 years (mean
age 31.2 Β± 11.1 years). In addition, the study involved 20 healthy individuals (mean age 30.9 Β± 10.7 years).
Clinical examination of patients was supplemented by digital imaging of graphic images in the RGB system
in Adobe Photoshop. An integral part of the clinical examination of patients with head and neck scars was a
detailed study of their individual personality characteristics. The study included the techniques to assess patientsβ general health condition, general activity and emotional state; a questionnaire for evaluating mental
stress and the "Integrative Anxiety Test" was also used.
Results. By applying the RGB colour system, statistically significant differences in colour indices were revealed. It was established that all the indicators of intensity of spectral radiation tended to decrease: the red
colour indicator tended to decrease on average by 4 units, the same was relevant for the green spectrum indicator. The average values of the reduction of the blue colour intensity were 10 units.
Mental and emotional states of the patients with pathological scars are characterized by specific features
that distinguish them from the emotional state of healthy individuals. Significant differences in the emotional
states between the emotional states of the patients and healthy individuals included both quantitative (higher
rates of most of the investigated parameters) and qualitative parameters (different proportion of components
in the structure of the emotional state). The obtained data testify that the patients with pathological scars
tend to respond to the traumatic situation (including the situation of the disease) by intense feeling of physiological and psychological discomfort, depressed mood, mental stress, anxiety, hypochondria, exaggeration of
negative experience.
Conclusions. The application of the RGB system in the diagnosis of pathological scarring in the face allows us to reliably determine the type of scar, and depending on the scar type to choose the optimal method
of the therapy. Inclusion in the comprehensive examination of psychodiagnostic methods is sufficiently feas
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡ Π· ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ (Π΄ΠΎ 50-ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈ)
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈ Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡ Π· ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π₯Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π΄Π΅ Π· 1921 ΡΠΎΠΊΡ Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ (Π·Π°Π². ΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π΅Π½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³ Π.Π‘.) ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ (Π·Π°Π². ΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. Π€Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π.Π.) Π₯Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π· 1931 ΡΠΎΠΊΡ Π₯Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ. Π£ 1929 ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π°Π·Π²Ρ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΒ». ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π€Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ (1929- 1951 Ρ.Ρ.); ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π₯Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ 1921 Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ (Π·Π°Π². ΠΊΠ°Ρ. ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π΅Π½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³ Π.Π‘.) ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° (Π·Π°Π². ΠΠ°Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡ. Π€Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π.Π.) Π₯Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°, Ρ 1931 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π₯Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°. Π 1929 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈΒ». ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π€Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ (192-1951 Π³.Π³.); The first historical period of the department of surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery with plastic and reconstructive surgery head and neck of the Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy began in Kharkiv, where with In 1921, surgical dentistry was taught at the departments of operative odontology (head of the department. prof. Heisenberg IS) and private head and face surgery (Head: Prof. Fabricant, PhD) MB) Kharkov Medical Institute, since 1931 year of Kharkov Dental Institute. IN In 1929, after the two departments were merged, she was named "Department of Surgical Dentistry". The first head of the department was Professor Moses Fabrikant (1929-1951)
A case of OCT evidence of retinal breaks in a myopic patient woman at 38 weeks of gestation
Background: An eye examination of a pregnant woman is a mandatory phase of her
preparation for delivery, with a special attention given to ophthalmic symptoms and
relevant recommendations for delivery management.
Purpose: To examine spectral domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) changes
in retinal periphery and to provide grounds for the tactics of preparing a pregnant woman
for delivery by performing preventive peripheral laser photocoagulation (PPLP).
Material and Methods: A 35-year-old myopic woman at 38 weeks of gestation underwent
a routine eye examination (visual acuity assessment, refractometry, tonometry, perimetry,
biomicroscopy, and ophthalmoscopy), ultrasound biometry and SD-OCT (Heidelberg
Engineering).
Results: The patient was diagnosed with mild myopia along with peripheral lattice
degeneration and peripheral cystic degeneration of the retina in both eyes and local
retinal detachment with atrophic retinal breaks in the right eye. The peripheral
vitreoretinal lattice degeneration was arrested and the local retinal detachment was
limited by laser-induced chorioretinal adhesions.
Conclusion: Spectral domain ocular coherence tomography provides an objective
picture of the state of both the macular and the periphery of the retina, and, along
with biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy, provides grounds for the tactics of care for
pregnant women for preventing retinal detachment. The outcome of timely preventive
laser treatment allowed us to conclude that the patient had no ocular contraindications
to vaginal delivery
Interaction between Soil Drouhgt and Allelopathic Factor on Wheat Seedlings Performance
The interaction between pre-sowing seed priming and soil drought on wheat physiological performance and allelopathic potential has been studied in alaboratory pot experiment. Amixture of cinnamic, salicylic and ascorbic acids (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) was used as a priming agent. The soil moisture was regulated by watering pots to 20%, 40% and 60% of field capacity. The macronutrient content in the rhizosphere soil was also measured. The results obtained indicated that mild allelopathic stress applied to seeds made seedlings more resistant to subsequent drought stress and contributed to the increase of their allelopathic potential. Intensification of drought stress resulted in the decrease in production of allelopathic inhibitors in wheat plants and an increase of allelopathic stimulants and organic carbon in the rhizosphere soil. Changes in allelopathic activity of the rhizosphere soil closely correlate with the changes in organic carbon, nitrates, iron and phosphorus. While soil reaction, concentration of ammonia, manganese, potassium and sulfur displayed no correlation with soil allelopathic activity. The phenomena of cross-synergism and cross-antagonism between the interacting factors are discussed in this paper
ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΡΡΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»
Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π·ΡΡΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ (ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»Π°) Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π· ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π²Π° ΡΡΠ»Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅ Π·ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΡΡ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°).The paper considers the case of collision of a body in the form of a paraboloid of revolution (striker body) and a plate of known thickness. The depth of penetration of the striker body should be determined, taking into account the influence of plate deformation, provided that both colliding bodies are not completely destroyed.The approximate solution is based on the application of the principle of least coercion (Gauss principle)