THE EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ADVANCES IN IT’S VISUALISATION

U zadnjih nekoliko godina klasično vrednovanje anatomije i fiziologije razvoja posteljice i ranog razvoja ploda uvelike je poboljšano uvođenjem vaginalnih sondi visoke frekvencije kao i trodimenzionalnog i četverodimenzionalnog ultrazvuka. Uvođenjem novih tehnika prikaza dobiveni su mnogi novi, objektivniji i točniji podaci prikaza embrionalnog i ranog fetalnog razvoja. Prvi je put moguće istovremeno istražiti strukturalne i funkcionalne parametre ranog razvoja čovjeka. U ovom članku prikazan je razvoj ljudskog života počevši od jajne stanice i spermija, preko oplodnje, detaljnog histološkog razvoja posteljice, kao i rani razvoj čovjeka prikazan koristeći dvodimenzionalnu i trodimenzionalnu ultrazvučnu tehnologiju.Clinical assessment of anatomy and physiology of placental and early embryonic development was impro-ved in last couple of years by introducing high frequency vaginal transducers as well as three and four dimensional sonography. Usage of new techniques has produced more objective and accurate information of embryonal and early fetal development. For the first time parallel analyses of structural and functional parameters in the first 12 weeks of gestation become possible. This article deals with establishment of human life from ovum and sperm, though fertilisation, detailed histological development and the establishment of the placenta, and early human development visualized by 2- and 3-di¬mensional ultrasonography

SONOSCOPE, FICTION OR REALITY?

U zadnjih nekoliko godina u literaturi su za svakodnevnu medicinsku praksu objavljeni radovi o primjeni malih i portabilnih ultrazvučnih uređaja. Napredak tehnologije nudi nove, drukčije i bolje funkcije ultrazvučnih aparata. Učinili smo ispitivanje na 100 trudnica gestacijske dobi 16.–41. tjedan, koristeći portabilan ultrazvučni uređaj Siemens Acuson 10 i ocjenjivali točnost u osnovnim ultrazvučnim mjerenjima u usporedbi s većim uređajima koji se svakodnevno koriste. U našoj studiji portabilni ultrazvučni aparat bio je vrlo učinkovit u procjeni i mjerenju količine plodove vode, ocjeni sijela posteljice, namještaja djeteta i dokaza života ploda. Nešto lošiji rezultati u usporedbi s većim i skupljim uređajima dobiveni su u biometriji, bolji kod mjerenja koštanih struktura, biparijetalnog promjera (BPD) i duljine femura (FL), a lošiji u mjerenju opsega abdomena (AC). Zaključili smo da ovakav portabilan ultrazvuk dobre rezolucije može biti od koristi u ocjeni i gruboj orijentaciji, ali ne može se upotrijebiti kao oruđe za probir u prvom i drugom tromjesječju trudnoće. Takvi maleni i portabilni ultrazvučni aparati mogli bi imati važno mjesto u edukacijskoj primjeni ultrazvuka u kliničkoj praksi.In the last couple of years in the literature considering the usage of the small and portable ultrasound machines in everyday practice many data were published. Development of technology offers new, different and better functions¬ of ultrasound machines. We have performed the research on 100 pregnant women of the gestational age 16–41 weeks using the Simens Acuson 100 portable ultrasound machine. We wanted to see how accurate it is in basic biometrical measurements in comparison to the conventional bigger machines that are used daily. In our study portable ultrasound machine was very efficient in detecting the quantity of amniotic fluid, the position of placenta, position of the fetus and heart beating. In comparion to larger and more expensive machines worse results were observed in biometrical measurements, better in measurement of bony structures (femur length – FL and biparietal diameter – BPD) and not so good in measuring abdominal circumference (AC). We have to conclude that such a small machine can be very useful in basic ultrasound orientation but it is not enough useful as a tool in routine ultrasound screening. It could also have an important place as an educational tool in ultrasound skills

FOUR DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND IN THE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE FETAL FACE

SAŽETAK. Noviji napredak ultrazvučne dijagnostike, osobito uvođenje 3D i 4D ultrazvuka u praksu, omogućio je prenatalno ispitivanje normalne i poremećene strukture i pokreta fetalnog lica. Čini se da će ovo potpuno neispitano područje pružiti korisne nove informacije o funkciji fetalnog mozga jer se lice smatra ogledalom mozga. U ovom pregledu prikazani su rezultati dobiveni posljednjih godina, pretežno od zagrebačke skupine istraživača, ali i druge do sada objavljeni.Newer development in ultrasound diagnostics, especially applying three and four dimensional ultrasound techniques in the daily routine has made it possible to examine normal and abnormal structure and movement of the fetal face. It seems that this entirely uninvestigated field could provide useful new information about the function of the fetal brain, since the face is considered to be a mirror of the brain. In this review the results made in the last few years, mostly done by the Zagreb group of investigators, but also by the others published so far are presented

FOUR DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND IN THE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE FETAL FACE

SAŽETAK. Noviji napredak ultrazvučne dijagnostike, osobito uvođenje 3D i 4D ultrazvuka u praksu, omogućio je prenatalno ispitivanje normalne i poremećene strukture i pokreta fetalnog lica. Čini se da će ovo potpuno neispitano područje pružiti korisne nove informacije o funkciji fetalnog mozga jer se lice smatra ogledalom mozga. U ovom pregledu prikazani su rezultati dobiveni posljednjih godina, pretežno od zagrebačke skupine istraživača, ali i druge do sada objavljeni.Newer development in ultrasound diagnostics, especially applying three and four dimensional ultrasound techniques in the daily routine has made it possible to examine normal and abnormal structure and movement of the fetal face. It seems that this entirely uninvestigated field could provide useful new information about the function of the fetal brain, since the face is considered to be a mirror of the brain. In this review the results made in the last few years, mostly done by the Zagreb group of investigators, but also by the others published so far are presented