Nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel as a topical formulation

Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed, emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance

Sunscreen behaviors among Libyan society survey

Sunscreen products are available in wide scale for consumers, the topical use products act by either absorbing or scattering the UV radiation. Excessive UV radiation exposure have been shown to be associated with a series of dermatologic disorders, which symptoms may appear instantly, or even developed few years later in life. The objective of this study is to assess the behaviors, application and use- base of sunscreen. A questionnaire-based study was conducted in Tripoli province, Libya. The questionnaire included four broad categories, developed to explore and highlight the main behaviors during the use and application of sunscreen. Questionnaire circulated inside dermatology follow-up clinics and outside hospital. Respondent characteristics pattern reported as a percentages. Data were analyzed from 385 participants who had complete information regarding behaviors and use of sunscreen at Libyan society. With at least 70% of participants using and applying sunscreen, the majority of users were female 87.8%, and their age ranges from 20 to29 years, with frequent use more than 2 times per week. Whereas 57% of participants applied sunscreen as personal protection of their skin. In this survey, the questionnaire-based study provided valuable information about the behaviors and habits of applying sunscreen products. The majority of participants applied sunscreen to protect their skin, the market drives the users about the type of sunscreen and most of the participants gave the medical counsel and recommendation low attention

The relation between sunscreen and skin pathochanges mini review

Nowadays, cosmetic products represent the most important non food market sector for producers. Consumers are in continues demand to products for beauty, antiageing, wellness, skin care and sunscreen. Sunscreen help to protect skin from UV rays, either chemically or physically. UV rays are generally consists of three forms UVA, UVB and UVC, and excessive exposure of these radiation may lead to pigment changes, pre-cancerous, cancerous skin, wrinkles and skin aging , along with triggering other adverse light sensitive reactions based on disease etiology and skin prototypes.The possible pathological changes due to use of sunscreen has been reviewed during the exposure to the UV rays. It is vital to protect skin and eyes from damaging effects as the skin is an integral part of our immune system. Moreover, artificial sources of UV rays should be avoided including tanning beds and sunlamps unless use of sunscreen. Surfaces such as sand, snow, concrete and water can reflect up to 85% of UV radiation, when around these surfaces, even when cloud weather because it filters less than 40 % of UV radiation. The used sunscreen products should contain SPF of at least 15 and it is advisable to have enough vitamin D and beta carotene and antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and Selenium when heavily exposed to sun radiation

The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations

Haplogroup J1 is a prevalent Y-chromosome lineage within the Near East. We report the frequency and YSTR diversity data for its major sub-clade (J1e). The overall expansion time estimated from 453 chromosomes is 10 000 years. Moreover, the previously described J1 (DYS388=13) chromosomes, frequently found in the Caucasus and eastern Anatolian populations, were ancestral to J1e and displayed an expansion time of 9000 years. For J1e, the Zagros/Taurus mountain region displays the highest haplotype diversity, although the J1e frequency increases toward the peripheral Arabian Peninsula. The southerly pattern of decreasing expansion time estimates is consistent with the serial drift and founder effect processes. The first such migration is predicted to have occurred at the onset of the Neolithic, and accordingly J1e parallels the establishment of rain-fed agriculture and semi-nomadic herders throughout the Fertile Crescent. Subsequently, J1e lineages might have been involved in episodes of the expansion of pastoralists into arid habitats coinciding with the spread of Arabic and other Semitic-speaking populations