13 research outputs found
O<sub>2</sub> Plasma Etching and Antistatic Gun Surface Modifications for CNT Yarn Microelectrode Improve Sensitivity and Antifouling Properties
Carbon nanotube (CNT)
based microelectrodes exhibit rapid and selective
detection of neurotransmitters. While different fabrication strategies
and geometries of CNT microelectrodes have been characterized, relatively
little research has investigated ways to selectively enhance their
electrochemical properties. In this work, we introduce two simple,
reproducible, low-cost, and efficient surface modification methods
for carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes (CNTYMEs): O<sub>2</sub> plasma
etching and antistatic gun treatment. O<sub>2</sub> plasma etching
was performed by a microwave plasma system with oxygen gas flow and
the optimized time for treatment was 1 min. The antistatic gun treatment
flows ions by the electrode surface; two triggers of the antistatic
gun was the optimized number on the CNTYME surface. Current for dopamine
at CNTYMEs increased 3-fold after O<sub>2</sub> plasma etching and
4-fold after antistatic gun treatment. When the two treatments were
combined, the current increased 12-fold, showing the two effects are
due to independent mechanisms that tune the surface properties. O<sub>2</sub> plasma etching increased the sensitivity due to increased
surface oxygen content but did not affect surface roughness while
the antistatic gun treatment increased surface roughness but not oxygen
content. The effect of tissue fouling on CNT yarns was studied for
the first time, and the relatively hydrophilic surface after O<sub>2</sub> plasma etching provided better resistance to fouling than
unmodified or antistatic gun treated CNTYMEs. Overall, O<sub>2</sub> plasma etching and antistatic gun treatment improve the sensitivity
of CNTYMEs by different mechanisms, providing the possibility to tune
the CNTYME surface and enhance sensitivity
High Temporal Resolution Measurements of Dopamine with Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes
Fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) can detect small changes in
dopamine concentration; however, measurements are typically limited
to scan repetition frequencies of 10 Hz. Dopamine oxidation at carbon-fiber
microelectrodes (CFMEs) is dependent on dopamine adsorption, and increasing
the frequency of FSCV scan repetitions decreases the oxidation current,
because the time for adsorption is decreased. Using a commercially
available carbon nanotube yarn, we characterized carbon nanotube yarn
microelectrodes (CNTYMEs) for high-speed measurements with FSCV. For
dopamine, CNTYMEs have a significantly lower Ī<i>E</i><sub>p</sub> than CFMEs, a limit of detection of 10 Ā± 0.8 nM,
and a linear response to 25 Ī¼M. Unlike CFMEs, the oxidation
current of dopamine at CNTYMEs is independent of scan repetition frequency.
At a scan rate of 2000 V/s, dopamine can be detected, without any
loss in sensitivity, with scan frequencies up to 500 Hz, resulting
in a temporal response that is four times faster than CFMEs. While
the oxidation current is adsorption-controlled at both CFMEs and CNTYMEs,
the adsorption and desorption kinetics differ. The desorption coefficient
of dopamine<i>-o-</i>quinone (DOQ), the oxidation product
of dopamine, is an order of magnitude larger than that of dopamine
at CFMEs; thus, DOQ desorbs from the electrode and can diffuse away.
At CNTYMEs, the rates of desorption for dopamine and dopamine<i>-o-</i>quinone are about equal, resulting in current that is
independent of scan repetition frequency. Thus, there is no compromise
with CNTYMEs: high sensitivity, high sampling frequency, and high
temporal resolution can be achieved simultaneously. Therefore, CNTYMEs
are attractive for high-speed applications
Cooperative Island Growth of Large-Area Single-Crystal Graphene on Copper Using Chemical Vapor Deposition
In this work we explore the kinetics of single-crystal graphene growth as a function of nucleation density. In addition to the standard methods for suppressing nucleation of graphene by pretreatment of Cu foils using oxidation, annealing, and reduction of the Cu foils prior to growth, we introduce a new method that further reduces the graphene nucleation density by interacting directly with the growth process at the onset of nucleation. The successive application of these two methods results in roughly 3 orders of magnitude reduction in graphene nucleation density. We use a kinetic model to show that at vanishingly low nucleation densities carbon incorporation occurs by a cooperative island growth mechanism that favors the formation of substrate-size single-crystal graphene. The model reveals that the cooperative growth of millimeter-size single-crystal graphene grains occurs by roughly 3 orders of magnitude increase in the reactive sticking probability of methane compared to that in random island nucleation
New Insights on Electro-Optical Response of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Film to Humidity
Understanding the
relative humidity (RH) response of polyĀ(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polyĀ(styrenesulfonate)
(PEDOT:PSS) is critical for improving the stability of organic electronic
devices and developing selective sensors. In this work, combined gravimetric
sensing, nanoscale surface probing, and mesoscale optoelectronic characterization
are used to directly compare the RH dependence of electrical and optical
conductivities and unfold connections between the rate of water adsorption
and changes in functional properties of PEDOT:PSS film. We report
three distinct regimes where changes in electrical conductivity, optical
conductivity, and optical bandgap are correlated with the mass of
adsorbed water. At low (RH < 25%) and high (RH > 60%) humidity
levels, dramatic changes in electrical, optical, and structural properties
occur, while changes are insignificant in mid-RH (25 < RH <
60%) conditions. We associate the three regimes with water adsorption
at hydrophilic moieties at low RH, diffusion and swelling throughout
the film at mid-RH, and saturation of the film by water at high RH.
Optical film thickness increased by 150% as RH was increased from
9 to 80%. Low frequency (1 kHz) impedance increased by ā¼100%,
and film capacitance increased by ā¼30% as RH increased from
9 to 80% due to an increase in the film dielectric constant. Changes
in electrical and optical conductivities concomitantly decrease across
the full range of RH tested
Laser Treated Carbon Nanotube Yarn Microelectrodes for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Dopamine in Vivo
Carbon
nanotube yarn microelectrodes (CNTYMEs) exhibit rapid and
selective detection of dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
(FSCV); however, the sensitivity limits their application in vivo.
In this study, we introduce laser treatment as a simple, reliable,
and efficient approach to improve the sensitivity of CNTYMEs by threefold
while maintaining high temporal resolution. The effect of laser treatment
on the microelectrode surface was characterized by scanning electron
microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, and
laser scanning confocal microscopy. Laser treatment increases the
surface area and oxygen containing functional groups on the surface,
which provides more adsorption sites for dopamine than at unmodified
CNTYMEs. Moreover, similar to unmodified CNTYMEs, the dopamine signal
at laser treated CNTYMEs is not dependent on scan repetition frequency,
unlike the current at carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) which decreases
with increasing scan repetition frequency. This frequency independence
is caused by the significantly larger surface roughness which would
trap dopamine-<i>o</i>-quinone and amplify the dopamine
signal. CNTYMEs were applied as an in vivo sensor with FSCV for the
first time, and laser treated CNTYMEs maintained high dopamine sensitivity
compared to CFMEs with an increased scan repetition frequency of 50
Hz, which is 5-fold faster than the conventional frequency. CNTYMEs
with laser treatment are advantageous because of their easy fabrication,
high reproducibility, fast electron transfer kinetics, high sensitivity,
and rapid in vivo measurement of dopamine and could be a potential
alternative to CFMEs in the future
K<sub>3</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>: Pressure-Induced Polymerization and Enhanced Conductivity
Recent
theoretical studies indicate that applying high pressure
(up to tens of gigapascals) to simple compounds with triple bonds
can convert the triple bonds to conjugated double bonds, which results
in these compounds becoming electrically conductive or even superconductive.
This might indicate a new route for the synthesis of inorganic/organic
conductors of various compositions and properties and could greatly
expand the field of conductive polymers. Here, we present a study
of the phase behavior and electrical properties of K<sub>3</sub>FeĀ(CN)<sub>6</sub> up to ā¼15 GPa using Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron
X-ray diffraction, and impedance spectroscopy at room temperature.
In this pressure range, two new crystalline phases were identified,
and their unit cells and space groups were determined. The cyanide
ions react to form conjugated Cī»N bonds in two steps, and the
electronic conductivity is enhanced by 3 orders of magnitude, from
10<sup>ā7</sup> to 10<sup>ā4</sup> SĀ·cm<sup>ā1</sup>. Because this material is also an ionic conductor, these studies
might āshed lightā on the development of new cathode
materials for alkali metal batteries. Enhancing the electrical conductivity
by applying high pressure to compounds containing triple bonds could
provide a potential route for synthesizing multifunctional conductive
materials
High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells by Using a Combination of Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Low Thermal Budget Photonic Curing
Realizing the commercialization of
high-performance and robust perovskite solar cells urgently requires
the development of economically scalable processing techniques. Here
we report a high-throughput ultrasonic spray-coating (USC) process
capable of fabricating perovskite film-based solar cells on glass
substrates with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 13%.
Perovskite films with high uniformity, crystallinity, and surface
coverage are obtained in a single step. Moreover, we report USC processing
on TiO<sub>2</sub>/ITO-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates
to realize flexible perovskite solar cells with a PCE as high as 8.1%
that are robust under mechanical stress. In this case, a photonic
curing technique was used to achieve a highly conductive TiO<sub>2</sub> layer on flexible PET substrates for the first time. The high device
performance and reliability obtained by this combination of USC processing
with optical curing appear very promising for roll-to-roll manufacturing
of high-efficiency, flexible perovskite solar cells
Synthesis of Millimeter-Size Hexagon-Shaped Graphene Single Crystals on Resolidified Copper
We present a facile method to grow millimeter-size, hexagon-shaped, monolayer, single-crystal graphene domains on commercial metal foils. After a brief <i>in situ</i> treatment, namely, melting and subsequent resolidification of copper at atmospheric pressure, a smooth surface is obtained, resulting in the low nucleation density necessary for the growth of large-size single-crystal graphene domains. Comparison with other pretreatment methods reveals the importance of copper surface morphology and the critical role of the meltingāresolidification pretreatment. The effect of important growth process parameters is also studied to determine their roles in achieving low nucleation density. Insight into the growth mechanism has thus been gained. Raman spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction confirm that the synthesized millimeter-size graphene domains are high-quality monolayer single crystals with zigzag edge terminations
Synthesis, Structure, and Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Li<sub>3</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub> Accompanied with Enhanced Conductivity
Pressure-induced polymerization of
charged triple-bond monomers like acetylide and cyanide could lead
to formation of a conductive metalācarbon network composite,
thus providing a new route to synthesize inorganic/organic conductors
with tunable composition and properties. The industry application
of this promising synthetic method is mainly limited by the reaction
pressure needed, which is often too high to be reached for gram amounts
of sample. Here we successfully synthesized highly conductive Li<sub>3</sub>FeĀ(CN)<sub>6</sub> at maximum pressure around 5 GPa and used
in situ diagnostic tools to follow the structural and functional transformations
of the sample, including in situ X-ray and neutron diffraction and
Raman and impedance spectroscopy, along with the neutron pair distribution
function measurement on the recovered sample. The cyanide anions start
to react around 1 GPa and bond to each other irreversibly at around
5 GPa, which are the lowest reaction pressures in all known metal
cyanides and within the technologically achievable pressure range
for industrial production. The conductivity of the polymer is above
10<sup>ā3</sup> SĀ·cm<sup>ā1</sup>, which reaches
the range of conductive polymers. This investigation suggests that
the pressure-induced polymerization route is practicable for synthesizing
some types of functional conductive materials for industrial use,
and further research like doping and heating can hence be motivated
to synthesize novel materials under lower pressure and with better
performances
Deciphering Halogen Competition in Organometallic Halide Perovskite Growth
Organometallic
halide perovskites (OHPs) hold great promise for
next-generation, low-cost optoelectronic devices. During the chemical
synthesis and crystallization of OHP thin films, a major unresolved
question is the competition between multiple halide species (e.g.,
I<sup>ā</sup>, Cl<sup>ā</sup>, Br<sup>ā</sup>) in the formation of the mixed-halide perovskite crystals. Whether
Cl<sup>ā</sup> ions are successfully incorporated into the
perovskite crystal structure or, alternatively, where they are located
is not yet fully understood. Here, in situ X-ray diffraction measurements
of crystallization dynamics are combined with ex situ TOF-SIMS chemical
analysis to reveal that Br<sup>ā</sup> or Cl<sup>ā</sup> ions can promote crystal growth, yet reactive I<sup>ā</sup> ions prevent them from incorporating into the lattice of the final
perovskite crystal structure. The Cl<sup>ā</sup> ions are located
in the grain boundaries of the perovskite films. These findings significantly
advance our understanding of the role of halogens during synthesis
of hybrid perovskites and provide an insightful guidance to the engineering
of high-quality perovskite films, essential for exploring superior-performing
and cost-effective optoelectronic devices