Dokument u službi zaključenja ugovora i prenosa prava: preplitanje rimske i grčke pravne tradicije u vizantijskom privatnom pravu

The purchase contract, often referred to as sale and purchase (πρᾶσις καὶ ἀγορασία) as an illustration of its twofold nature derived from the Roman legal tradition, or simply as sale (πρᾶσις), is suitable for analyzing different legal issues. In light of typical Byzantine document named πρατήριον ἔγγραφον, we aim to define the nature of purchase contract in this medieval legal system. Diplomatic formulae contain data about consensus of contractual parties, as well as the fact that a document was drafted “for security”, which raises the question of solemnity of this contract. The role the deed has is also discussed in the paper, as in some cases it is uncertain whether the composition and delivery of the document also implied the passing of title. Applied methodological approach takes into account the linguistic interpretation of documentary clauses and legal provisions in codes, and relies on comparative-historical method.Kupoprodajni ugovor, u grčkim dokumentima nazvan πρᾶσις καὶ ἀγορασία, prema svojoj dvostrukoj prirodi, ili samo πρᾶσις, prigodan je za analizu različitih pravnih pitanja. Istražujući vizantijski tipski dokument πρατήριον ἔγγραφον u radu želimo da istražimo prirodu kupoprodajnog ugovora u tom pravnom sistemu. Diplomatičke formule sadrže podatke o saglasnosti volja ugovornih strana, kao i frazu da je dokument sastavljen „radi sigurnosti”, što dovodi u pitanje formalnost tog pravnog posla. U radu je takođe razmatrana uloga dokumenta u sticanju, odnosno prenosu stvarnog prava, s obzirom na to da je sporno da li sastavljanje i predaja dokumenta impliciraju i te radnje. Metodološki pristup podrazumeva jezičko tumačenje klauzula i tipiziranih diplomatičkih formula u dokumentima, kao i odredaba u pravnim zbirkama, koje dopunjuje komparativno-istorijski metod.Article was read at the Thematic Session “Chanceries and Documentary Practices in Southeast Europe (13th–15th Centuries)”, at the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Belgrade, 21–27 August 2016

Kokcidioza u proizvodnji živine

Coccidiosis is a permanent health problem in poultry industry especially in intensive production systems. It is the most important poultry disease as far as economy is concerned since yearly costs of prophylaxis, as well as of therapy exceed 2 billion Euros, at the global level. In Serbia the disease has the highest prevalence in chicken, less in turkeys, gees, ducks and pheasants. The causes of the infection are protozoa belonging to the Eimeridae family, spore oocists being the infective form. The source of the infection are already infected birds, whereas the disease can spread in the sussceptible bird population by direct and indirect contact such as dust, objects on the farm, people, rodents, wild birds, as well as insects. The incidence of the disease depends on the lack of space on the farm, high temperature and high relative humidity, improper feeding, other diseases and all factors that can compromise bird immunity and general resistance to infectious diseases. Coccidiosis is the disease of the spring and fall, i.e. humid seasons with plenty of rain. The parasite development takes place in epithelial cells of the intestine of all bird species. The parasite can develop also in epithelial cells of the kidney glomerully in gees whereas merozoits and shizonts (as a developing form of the parasite) cause severe lesions and desquamation of the mucus. Local symptoms are accompanied with general health disturbance and typical diarrhea which is the characteristic symptom. Diagnosis is on the basis of the general symptoms, gross and microscopic findings as well as feces sample testing. To control coccidiosis in poultry, there is a vaccine or the disease is controlled by anticoccidials in the feed. Coccidiosis is possible to treat with anticoccidials (coccidiostatics and coccidiocides). Economical consequences of the coccidiosis in poultry are decreased feed conversion, smaller weight gain, inadequate feed conversion, smaller body weight at the end of the fattening period, prolonged fattening period, as well as therapy costs. Body weight gain is reduced, as well as accumulation of abdominal fat. The disease has a negative impact on chemical and sensory meat appearance. One of the problems as far as coccidiosis is concerned is drug resistance. Today, coccidiosis control strategies are the 'shuttle' and 'switch' program of the prophylactic medication, good manufacturing praxis and proper sanitation. .Kokcidioza je oboljenje koje predstavlja stalan zdravstveni problem, naročito u uslovima intenzivnog uzgoja živine. Najznačajnija je bolest živine u ekonomskom pogledu, jer godišnji troškovi za profilaksu i terapiju kokcidioze prevazilaze dve milijarde eura na globalnom nivou. U našoj zemlji najzastupljenija je kod kokošaka, a ređe se javlja kod ćuraka, gusaka, pataka i fazana. Uzročnici oboljenja su protozoe iz familije Eimeridae, a infektivni oblik predstavljaju sporulisane oociste. Izvor infekcije su inficirane jedinke, a bolest se prenosi direktnim i indirektnim kontaktom - pribor, oprema, prašina, ljudi, glodari, divlje ptice i insekti. Na rasprostranjenost bolesti utiču: nedovoljan prostor, visoka temperatura i relativna vlažnost vazduha, neadekvatna ishrana, pojava drugih oboljenja i svi faktori koji smanjuju otpornost organizma. Najčešće se javlja u proleće i jesen, odnosno u kišnim periodima. Razvoj parazita odigrava se u epitelnim ćelijama creva svih ptica, odnosno epitelu bubrežnih kanalića gusaka, a razvojni oblici (merozoiti i šizonti) dovode do teških oštećenja i deskvamacije sluznice, praćenih promenom opšteg stanja i karakterističnim prolivom. Dijagnoza oboljenja postavlja se na osnovu kliničke slike, koprološkog, patomorfološkog i patohistološkog nalaza. Profilaksa oboljenja sprovodi se vakcinacijom ili primenom antikokcidijala u smešama za ishranu, dok se terapija sprovodi antikokcidijalima, koji mogu biti kokcidiostatici i kokcidiocidi. Ekonomski gubici ogledaju se u povećanom utrošku hrane, smanjenom prirastu, nižoj konverziji hrane, manjoj prosečnoj telesnoj masi na kraju tova, produženom trajanju tova i troškovima lečenja. Prinos trupova i deponovanje abdominalnog masnog tkiva su manji, a oboljenje negativno utiče i na hemijske i senzorne parametre kvaliteta mesa. Problem u suzbijanju oboljenja je brz razvoj rezistencije na lekove, a kontrolne strategije u suzbijanju kokcidioze su 'shuttle' i 'switch' program profilaktičke medikacije, dobra proizvođačka praksa i sanitacija.

Non-chemical control measures of Senecio vulgaris L.

Environmental constraints of crop production systems have stimulated interest in alternative weed management strategies, as the continued use of synthetic herbicides has resulted in serious ecological problems, such as weeds resistance to important herbicides and increased environmental pollution and health hazards. The aim of this study was to test the bioherbicidal activity of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on weed species Senecio vulgaris L., in 2019, at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad. In order to examine a phytotoxic effect, plants were treated with 1 and 5% (v/v) concentration of rosemary essential oil, kitchen salt NaCl (1:8), wine vinegar solution (1:10), and glyphosate, while the control variants remained untreated. The evaluation was carried out 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours after application. Essential oils of rosemary in both concentrations and wine vinegar solution (1:10) had good efficacy compared to the control. High efficacy was in the treatment with NaCl solution and glyphosate, and complete decay of S. vulgaris plants occurred 144h after application. Phytotoxic changes in the form of turgor loss, chlorotic, then necrotic spots, were determined on the tested weed species 24h from the application of NaCl and glyphosate, while from essential oil first symptoms have appeared after 48h

Parasitic infections in wild ruminants and wild boar

Wild ruminants and wild boar belong to the order Artiodactyla, the suborders Ruminantia and Nonruminantia and are classified as wild animals for big game hunting, whose breeding presents a very important branch of the hunting economy. Diseases caused by protozoa are rarely found in wild ruminants in nature. Causes of coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystiosis, giardiasis, babesiosis, and theileriosis have been diagnosed in deer. The most significant helminthoses in wild ruminants are fasciosis, dicrocoeliasis, paramphistomosis, fascioloidosis, cysticercosis, anoplocephalidosis, coenurosis, echinococcosis, pulmonary strongyloidiasis, parasitic gastroenteritis, strongyloidiasis and trichuriasis, with certain differences in the extent of prevalence of infection with certain species. The most frequent ectoparasitoses in wild deer and doe are diseases caused by ticks, mites, scabies mites, and hypoderma. The most represented endoparasitoses in wild boar throughout the world are coccidiosis, balantidiasis, metastrongyloidiasis, verminous gastritis, ascariasis, macracanthorhynchosis, trichinelosis, trichuriasis, cystecercosis, echinococcosis, and less frequently, there are also fasciolosis and dicrocoeliasis. The predominant ectoparasitoses in wild boar are ticks and scabies mites. Knowledge of the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic infections in wild ruminants and wild boar is of extreme importance for the process of promoting the health protection system for animals and humans, in particular when taking into account the biological and ecological hazard posed by zoonotic infections

Efficiency of modified therapeutic protocol in the treatment of some varieties of canine cardiovascular dirofilariasis

The paper presents clinical diagnostic approaches and therapeutic effects of a specific protocol for the treatment of dogs with cardiovascular dirofilariasis in the Belgrade City (Serbia) territory. The study involved 50 privately owned dogs of different breeds, gender, and age, all showing signs of cardio respiratory disorders. In addition to a general physical examination, blood tests were done to detect microfilaria and adult forms, and X-ray, ECG, and echocardiography were performed as well. At the first examination, 34 out of 50 examined dogs were positive for microfilaria and adult forms. Because of a lack of drug used as the golden standard in dirofilariasis treatment, it involved a combination of doxycycline (10 mg/kg) and ivermectin (6 mu g/kg) supported with Advocate Bayer spot-on. After six months, the first control was performed while continuing treatment with the aforesaid protocol, and the second control was performed after 12 months. Of the 34 treated dogs, all were negative for microfilaria, as early as after the first six months of the treatment (100%). One dog was positive for adult forms of the parasite after six and 12 months. In echocardiography and X-ray examination after 12 months, six dogs showed evident chronic changes. At controls conducted at sixth month and at one year, the implemented therapy was successful in 97.05% (33/34) of primarily infected dogs

Helmintoze digestivnog trakta domaćih životinja u nekim delovima Srbije

Parasitic helminthoses in domestic animals are triggered by causes originating from the classes: Trematoda (fiatworms), Cestoda (tapeworms) and Nematoda (roundworms), which are in most cases endoparasites. The big presence of different parasitoses in our country are a result of the geographic position and the climatic conditions of certain areas, large agglomerations of cattle in certain localities, an unsatisfactory level of zoohygienic conditions in cattle facilities and on pastures, a diet that is inadequate both in quality and in quantity, a low hygiene level of the diet and watering, limited areas for grazing and their poor quality, extensive maintend diet of the animals, the presence of corresponding vectors or transitory hosts, s a low professional and cultural level of cattle farmers. The prevention of parasitic infections and the fight against their causes implies the severing of the chain of the parasite's biological cycle during one of the stages of its development. That is why it is necessary to destroy the most sensitive ones and the most available development forms of the parasite. Under the conditions when the epizootiological situation in the field is changing unexpectedly, it is necessary to apply the adequate therapeutic methods and prophylaxis in veterinary medicine, and to conduct an organized and planned fight against parasitic infections.Veliku zastupljenost različitih parazitoza u našoj zemlji uslovljavaju geografski položaj i klimatski uslovi pojedinih područja, velike aglomeracije stoke na nekim lokalitetima, nezadovoljavajući nivo zoohigijenskih uslova u objektima za stoku i na ispustima, kvalitativno i kvantitativno neodgovarajuća ishrana, nizak higijenski nivo ishrane i napajanja, ograničene pasne površine i njihov slab kvalitet, ekstenzivan način držanja i ishrane životinja, prisustvo odgovarajućih vektora ili prelaznih domaćin, kao i nizak stručni i kulturni nivo stočara. Preveniranje parazitskih infekcija i borba protiv njihovih uzročnika podrazumeva prekidanje lanca biološkog ciklusa parazita u nekom od stadijuma njihovog razvoja. Zato je neophodno da se uništavaju najosetijiviji i u momenta tretiranja, najdostupniji razvojni oblici parazita. U uslovima kada se dinamika epizootiološke situacije na terenu neočekivano menja, neophodno je da se adekvatnom primenom metoda terapije i profilakse u veterinarskoj medicini sprovodi organizovana i planska borba protiv parazitskih infekcija

Najvažniji aspekti imunogenosti Eimeria spp

The increasing progress in immunology and molecular biology indicates two possible alternatives on which the prophylaxis of this disease could be based. One is to find and apply a more efficient and reliable vaccine, and the other implies passive immunization through maternal antibodies. Although this second is still in the stage of laboratory investigations, it is given increasing importance. There is no cross immunity between certain species of Eimeria spp. in birds, which is why certain species of this causal agent can later lead to an outbreak of the disease, even though immunity had earlier been established to some other causative agent of the genus Eimeria. Immunoprophylaxis is the only serious practical alternative to the application of anticoccidia in controlling coccidiosis. This form of prophylaxis is based on the application of a live virulent or attentuated vaccine, so that vaccinated flock yield 9.6 eggs more per animal, and mortality among them is reduced in comparison to flocks which are subjected to standard anticoccidial programmes.Sve veći napredak u imunologiji i molekularnoj biologiji ukazuje na dve moguće varijante na kojima bi mogla da bude zasnovana profilaksa ovog oboljenja. Jedna je pronalaženje i primena efikasnije i pouzdane vakcine, a druga podrazumeva pasivnu imunizaciju putem maternalnih antitela. Mada je ona još uvek u domenu laboratorijskih istraživanja, pridaje joj se sve veći značaj. Između pojedinih vrsta ejmerija kod ptica ne postoji unakrsni imunitet, zbog čega različite vrste ovog uzročnika kasnije mogu da dovedu do izbijanja bolesti, iako je prethodno stvoren imunitet na nekog drugog uzročnika iz roda Eimeria. Jedina ozbiljna praktična alternativa primeni antikokcidijala u kontroli kokcidioze jeste imunoprofilaksa. Ovaj vid profilakse baziran je na primeni žive virulentne ili atenuirane vakcine, tako da vakcinisana jata daju 9,6 jaja više po jedinki, a mortalitet kod njih je smanjen u odnosu na jata koja su pod standardnim antikokcidijalnim programom

Welfare of Native Goat Breeds in Serbia—Emphasis on Parasitological Infections

Native goat breeds in Serbia has been recognized as an important element of regional agrobiodiversity and play an important role in the safeguarding of cultural and traditional heritage. The aim of this study was to identify the main welfare issues likely to be encountered in extensive goat farming systems with an emphasis on parasitological infections. The study was conducted during the winter season on four small farms of native Balkan and Serbian white goats. For welfare assessment, animal-based indicators from AWIN protocol for goats were used. All fecal samples for parasites were qualitatively and quantitatively examined. The main welfare issues identified were poor hair coat condition (62.79%), dirty and light soiling hindquarters (31.40%), thin body condition score (26.74%), abscesses (19.78%), and udder asymmetry (18.60%). In addition, an important and prevalent welfare problem identified across all farms was parasite infection and weak significant (p < 0.001) correlation between certain parasites (Strongylidae, Moniezia spp., Buxtonella sulcate, and Protostrongylidae) and welfare indicators such as poor hair coat condition and nasal discharge. The results of this study provided the first overview and valuable insight into the impact of extensive systems on the welfare of native goats in the Balcan region