Time Preference and Dynamic Stability in an N-Country World Economy

We examine stability of competitive equilibrium in an N-country world economy with capital accumulation, where each country can have either increasing marginal impatience (IMI) or decreasing marginal impatience (DMI). The necessary and su¢ cient condition for stability is shown as positive deÖniteness of a simple matrix. The condition requires that any positive perturbation in one countryís wealth, adjusted for international spillover e§ects on other countryís savings, reduces the countryís wealth accumulation. In the presence of a DMI country, the number of countries should be su¢ ciently small for stability. Particularly, the existence of two or more than two DMI countries implies instablility

分子動力学法を用いた結晶性材料の粒界構造とエネルギー評価

1.はじめに 2.モリブデンの粒界構造，粒界エネルギーおよび粒界破壊強度 3.純銅の<110>対称傾角粒界の粒界エネルギーとその原子構造 4.おわり

FEM Analysis on the Effects of Soft Magnetic Film as a Noise Suppressor at GHz Range

During orthodontic tooth movement, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress is an acute inflammatory reaction. Mechanical stress from orthodontic appliances is believed to induce cells in the periodontal ligament (PDL) to form biologically active substances, such as enzymes and cytokines, responsible for connective tissue remodeling (Nishijima Y et al 2006). Leptin, a polypeptide hormone has been classified as a cytokine (Zhang et al 1994). Earlier findings suggested that leptin does play a significant role in bone formation by its direct effect on osteoblasts (Alparslan et al 2010). This pilot study aimed to study leptin in saliva and its association with tooth movement during initial orthodontic alignment. To determine if there is any difference in saliva leptin level before and after orthodontic alignment Ten orthodontic patients (7 girls and 3 boys; mean age, 16.76 ± 1.1 years) with crowding (up to 5mm) that required orthodontic fixed appliances, on a non-extraction basis as part of the treatment plan, were recruited in this longitudinal study. Orthodontic study models were constructed at baseline and at 6-weeks after orthodontic treatment commenced. Full fixed orthodontic appliances with initial 0.014” Nickel Titanium archwire placed. The amount of crowding was measured, before and after initial alignment. Unstimulated morning saliva sample were collected at all visits, after at least an 8-hour period of fasting and no-toothbrushing. The samples were tested using Leptin Abnova LEP Human ELISA kit and subsequently analyzed. Leptin concentration in saliva was significantly decreased in a time-dependant manner (p<0.001), from before orthodontic treatment (7016.45±425.15 pg/mL) and 6 weeks after bond-up (4901.92±238.64 pg/mL). Leptin concentration in saliva is decreased during orthodontic tooth movement in initial alignment stage

Alloy design concept for bcc-T2 silicide-B2 aluminide multicomponent alloys

For the development of refractory metal-based high temperature bcc alloys, the phase equilibrium between bcc (Nb-Mo) and T2 (Nb, Mo)5(Si,B)3 has been investigated. Bcc matrix phase is for toughening at ambient temperatures, and T2 phase is for strengthening and also for oxidation resistance. However, the oxidation resistance of T2 phase is still under investigation. B2-NiAl phase has been utilized as coating materials for Ni-based superalloys for many years. However, addition of Al and transition metal element such as Ni and Fe results in the formation of brittle Laves phases in refractory metal-based bcc alloys. In the present study it is found that additive element selection in terms of atomic size control is effective to avoid the formation of Laves phase. From this phase stability viewpoint, a three-phase alloy composed of Nb, Mo, Si, B, Ni and Al is proposed as a first step for designing three-phase alloys. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract