EFFECT OF CENTELLA ASIATICA L. ON THE NUMBER OF OSTEOCLASTS, OSTEOBLASTS, AND OSTEOCYTES IN THE TIBIAE OF OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Centella asiatica L. as a phytoestrogen.Methods: Therapy using C. asiatica extract at doses of 60 mg/kg body weight, 120 mg/kg BW, and 180 mg/kg BW was administered to ovariectomizedrats for 30 days.Results: Histological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated an increased number of osteocytes and a decreased number ofosteoclasts, but there was no significant increase in osteoblast numbers.Conclusion: The administration of the low doses of C. asiatica extract affects the number of osteocytes and osteoclasts but not osteoblasts inovariectomized rats

EFFECTS OF CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) LEAF EXTRACT ON BONE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS OF OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica leaf extract in maintaining calcium and phosphate levels in the bone forpreventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Methods: The obtained C. asiatica leaf extract was administered to ovariectomized rats at the doses of 60, 120, and 180 mg/kg body weight (BW)for 30 days. Subsequently, the rats were euthanized by ether overdose, and bone calcium and phosphate levels were determined by the wet ashingtechnique and spectrophotometry.Results: The results showed no significant differences in the bone calcium and phosphate levels among rats administered with different doses ofC. asiatica leaf extract.Conclusion: Our results indicate that C. asiatica leaf extract cannot be used as a source of phytoestrogens to maintain calcium and phosphate levelsin the bones

EFFECT OF MANGOSTEEN PEEL EXTRACT ON BONE FRACTURE HEALING

Objective: Healing of bone fractures is mediated through antioxidants; however, increased free radical levels at the site of fracture inhibit bone healing.Mangosteen peel has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antihistaminic, antimalarial, and other beneficialproperties as it contains many active substances such as xanthones, anthocyanins, phenols, and tannins. In this study, we aimed to determine theeffects of mangosteen peel extract on bone fracture healing.Methods: We used six mice with left and right femoral fractures (12 femurs). Mangosteen peel extract was applied to the left femurs of the six mice attwo dosages (20 and 40 mg/kg; three femurs each) on days 2, 4, and 6 after fracture; saline was injected into the right femurs of all six mice. On day 7,all the animals were sacrificed, and femur defect diameter was evaluated using dental digital radiography.Results: The femoral defect diameter in mice treated with 40 mg/kg dose of mangosteen peel extract was less than that in mice treated with saline,although the difference was not significant.Conclusion: Application of a 40 mg/kg dose of mangosteen peel extract promotes bone fracture healing

EVALUATION OF REGENERATIVE THERAPY USING CELL SHEET THROUGH CEMENTUM PROTEIN-1 EXPRESSION ON MACACA NEMESTRINA

Objective: The main objective of periodontal therapy is tissue regeneration. Previous studies have identified the potential of mesenchymal stem cells to improve major periodontal defect reconstruction in bone tissue engineering. Cell sheet technology (CST), in which a cell culture is obtained from a material coated with a temperature-sensitive substrate, has been developed for the reconstruction of various tissues, including periodontal tissue. Cementum protein-1 (CEMP-1) is a 50-kDa protein that plays a crucial role in cementogenesis by enhancing the combining of cells formed by cell cementoblast. Evaluate periodontal tissue regeneration with CST, and the application of chitosan, chitosan cell sheet or arginineglycineaspartic acid (RGD)-modified chitosan cell sheet on Macaca nemestrina one-wall defect model.Methods: The CEMP-1 was analyzed expression in a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel electrophoresis assay.Results: CEMP-1 expression in gingival crevicular fluid was observed using the SDS-PAGE method every week for 3 weeks. Protein band expressions on SDS-PAGE gel were identified at around 50 kDa with different thicknesses between groups. The chitosan, chitosan cell sheet, and RGD-modified chitosan cell sheet groups showed protein bands of CEMP-1 between 50 and 70 kDa at weeks 1, 2, and 3; weeks 2 and 3; and weeks 1 and 2, respectively.Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the application of chitosan and RGD-modified chitosan cell sheets could enhance bone regeneration, as evidenced by CEMP-1 protein expression levels

The role of Treponema denticola in the periodontitis alveolar bone damage: Systematic review

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation condition of the periodontal tissue, which causes irreversible, progressive deterioration of the tooth-supporting tissue, leading to tooth loss. One of the main bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is Treponema denticola. Its involvement in periodontitis includes producing and releasing various virulence factors that further modulate inflammation and ignite alveolar bone destruction. Objective: To examine Treponema denticola's role in the mechanism of alveolar bone damage in periodontitis. Method: This systematic review was conducted from August 2021 until April 2022. Qualified literature is evaluated based on inclusion criteria, including published in English within the last ten years and research articles available in full text. The inclusion literature’s determination was based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). Result: Six journals fit the inclusion criteria and discuss Treponema denticola involvement in alveolar bone destruction via several mechanisms, including periplasmic flagella as its virulence factor. Treponema denticola can inhibit osteogenic cell differentiation and induce the production TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which are the proinflammatory cytokines involved in osteoclastogenesis. The induction mechanism of these various cytokines can ultimately increase osteoclast differentiation by increasing RANKL expression and decreasing OPG expression. Conclusion: Treponema denticola is involved in alveolar bone destruction by inhibiting bone formation and inducing an inflammatory response in immune cells that can increase osteoclast differentiation, as observed in alveolar bone destruction

TOXICITY ANALYSIS OF RGD-CHITOSAN FROM SHRIMP SHELL SCAFFOLD MEMBRANES TOWARD HUMAN DENTAL PULP CELLS

Objective: This study aimed to analyze RGD-Chitosan from Shrimp Shells' Scaffolds' (RCSSS) and CSSS membrane toxicity toward human dental pulpcells.Methods: Human dental pulp cells were cultured for 5 days and then exposed to RCSSS or CSSS membranes for 24 hrs. Cell viability was determinedusing an MTT assay method.Results: Cell viability of the RCSSS group and CSSS group was higher than the cell viability of the control group. The cell viability of the RCSSSgroup 2 mg (537.39%) was significantly higher than the CSSS group 2 mg (301.74%).Conclusions: RCSSS membranes were not toxic toward human dental pulp cells and showed better effect toward human dental pulp cells comparedto CSSS membranes

TOXICITY ANALYSIS OF CRAB SHELL CHITOSAN ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID SCAFFOLD MEMBRANE AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN DENTAL PULP CELL VIABILITY

Objective: Crab shell chitosan is a biomaterial used for scaffolding. In Indonesia, Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional has made a crab shell chitosan arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) scaffold membrane. The purpose of adding RGD was to enhance cell attachment to the scaffold. The objective of this research is to analyze the toxicity of crab shell chitosan RGD scaffold membrane on human dental pulp cells and its effect on their viabilityMethods: Human dental pulp cells were cultured for 5 days in Minimum Essential Medium Alpha (α-MEM) complete containing amphotericin B, penicillin, streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum. Then, the treatment group was exposed to crab shell chitosan RGD scaffold membrane and crab shell chitosan scaffold membrane incubated for 24 h. The toxicity of the crab shell chitosan RGD scaffold membrane was analyzed with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Result: The result of this research is that crab shell chitosan RGD scaffold membrane did not decrease the percentage of viability of human dental pulp cells.Conclusion: It is concluded that crab shell chitosan RGD scaffold membrane does not have toxic effects on human dental pulp cells

MSX1 and PAX9 genetic alteration in Malaysian families with hypodontia

Hypodontia is characterized by the absence of one to six teeth. Malaysia has a high prevalence of hypodontia (2.8%). This study aimed to investigate the MSX1 mutation with clinical variability in Malaysian hypodontia families and to correlate the findings a previous study of the PAX9 mutation. Materials and methods: We re-examined seven individuals from two families of the previous PAX9 study. Orthophantomogram (OPG) and intraoral photos were re-assessed. Saliva was collected for genetic analysis. Direct sequencing was done on exons 1 and 2 of MSX1 and exons 2 and 3 of PAX9. Results: In family 1, three out of five members are affected. The mother has posterior hypodontia, while the daughters have anterior hypodontia. Point mutations on exon 1 of MSX1 (c.599C>T, c.732G>A) and on exon 3 of PAX9 (c.477delG, c.480delT) were identified on 1B (mother) and 1D (second daughter). Her carrier-son (1E) exhibited c.597C>T, c.730G>A on exon 1 of MSX1 and c.273T>G on exon3 of PAX9. In family 2, the daughter has a missing lower premolar with a point mutation on exon 1 of MSX1 (c.730G>A). A similar point mutation in her nonhypodontia father on exon 2 of PAX9 (c.628C>T) was observed. Conclusion: Mutation of MSX1 is observed in familial hypodontia; both genes MSX1 and PAX9 are needed to manifest hypodontia whereby PAX9 is the predominant gene mutation

Strawberry Extract’s Effects on <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis </i> Biofilms in vitro

Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) are oral bacteria related to root canal infection and periodontal disease pathogenesis. Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit are rich in vitamins and minerals, have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Objective: This study investigated the inhibition effect of strawberry extract on monospecies and multispecies E. faecalis and P. gingivalis bacteria grown as biofilms in vitro. Methods: This study used E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. It analyzed the effect of strawberry extract on bacteria biofilm formation using a biofilm assay on microplate wells. Five concentrations of strawberry extracts were used (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%), and the inhibition effect was observed after a 1h, 3h, 6h, and 24h incubation period. Biofilms without the strawberry extract were used as the negative controls, and crystal violet and safranin (0.5%w/v) were used to count the biofilm mass. The biofilms grown on microplates were counted using an ELISA reader at 450 nm after 200 mL of 90% ethanol was added to attract the absorbed stain. The strawberry extract inhibition effectiveness on the biofilm formation of each bacterium tested was analyzed using one-way Anova, where p<0.05 was defined as a significant difference. Result: The strawberry extract inhibited the tested monospecies and multispecies bacteria biofilm formation. The optimal strawberry extract concentration for the inhibition of either monospecies biofilms was 100%. However, the optimal incubation time for the strawberry extract to inhibit the multispecies biofilm formation was 24h, which was the study’s biofilm maturity phase. Conclusions: The 100% strawberry extract concentration inhibited the formation of both the monospecies and multispecies E. faecalis and P. gingivalis biofilms. Future studies are needed to evaluate the potential of strawberry extract as an alternative dental therapy

Strawberry extract's effects on Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilms in vitro

Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) are oral bacteria related to root canal infection and periodontal disease pathogenesis. Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit are rich in vitamins and minerals, have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Objective: This study investigated the inhibition effect of strawberry extract on monospecies and multispecies E. faecalis and P. gingivalis bacteria grown as biofilms in vitro. Methods: This study used E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. It analyzed the effect of strawberry extract on bacteria biofilm formation using a biofilm assay on microplate wells. Five concentrations of strawberry extracts were used (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%), and the inhibition effect was observed after a 1h, 3h, 6h, and 24h incubation period. Biofilms without the strawberry extract were used as the negative controls, and crystal violet and safranin (0.5%w/v) were used to count the biofilm mass. The biofilms grown on microplates were counted using an ELISA reader at 450 nm after 200 mL of 90% ethanol was added to attract the absorbed stain. The strawberry extract inhibition effectiveness on the biofilm formation of each bacterium tested was analyzed using one-way Anova, where p<0.05 was defined as a significant difference. Result: The strawberry extract inhibited the tested monospecies and multispecies bacteria biofilm formation. The optimal strawberry extract concentration for the inhibition of either monospecies biofilms was 100%. However, the optimal incubation time for the strawberry extract to inhibit the multispecies biofilm formation was 24h, which was the study's biofilm maturity phase. Conclusions: The 100% strawberry extract concentration inhibited the formation of both the monospecies and multispecies E. faecalis and P. gingivalis biofilms. Future studies are needed to evaluate the potential of strawberry extract as an alternative dental therapy