The Role of Mechanical Force in Molecular and Cellular during Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Application of mechanical force on abnormally positioned tooth, cause changes in tooth location and transmitted to the bone ia the periodontal ligament (PDL) produce orthodontic tooth movement. This force application is further way that remodeling in the area occurs. In order to develop biological strategies for enhancing this movement of teeth in bone, the underlying mechanisms of bone resorption and apposition should be understood in detail. Analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be a good means of examining the on going molecular and cellular process associated with gingival and bone turnover during orthodontic tooth movement. If it could be possible to biologically monitor and predict the outcome of orthodontic force, then the appliance management could be based on dividual tissue response and the effectiveness of the treatment could be improved and understanding their biology is critical to finding ways to modify bone biology to move teeth faster. The present article reviewed a short introduction to some mayors advanced mechanical force in molecular and cellular biology during orthodontic tooth movement.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i3.3

Consideration of Mandibular Third Molar Extraction for Post-Orthodontic Relapse Prevention

Background: Orthodontic treatment may result in undesired teeth movement which is called “relapse”. One of the factors thought to influence post-orthodontic treatment relapse is the third molar, especially mandibular third molar it’s because third molar eruption and mandibular anterior crowding occur simultaneously. The extraction of this teeth can be suitable prevention of tooth relapse after orthodontic treatment. Purpose: This study aimed to describe whether there is an effect of mandibular third molar extraction on relapse in post-orthodontic treatment crowding cases so that it can determine whether this action can be a preventive solution in these cases. Review: This review was conducted by studying total 11 journals (n = 2/11) mentioned that there was third molar relation to the anterior crowding teeth and most likely recommended its extraction to prevent relapse post- orthodontic treatment. Meanwhile (n = 8 / 11) did not agree with the statement, and (n= 1/11) is still undetermined. Conclusion: Extraction of the mandibular third molar can prevent crowding relapse, in case of impaction it must be extracted, and this extraction can be performed before, during, or after orthodontic treatment

A Comparison of Antibacterial Inhibitory Effect on Streptococcus mutans and Tensile Strength between chitosan‑Based Bonding Adhesives and Commercial Products

Background: Adhesive bonding is the material used to attach a bracket to the enamel surface of the tooth. Streptococcus mutans contributes to enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Objectives: To analyze the antimicrobial inhibitory effect of Streptococcus mutans bacteria and tensile strength of chitosan and CaCO3‑based adhesive bonding material. Materials and Methods: The investigation constituted laboratory experimental research featuring analytical observation and a random sampling method. The antibacterial inhibitory effect of chitosan and CaCO3‑based adhesive bonding against Streptococcus mutans involved six groups: two control groups using commercial light cure and self‑cure adhesive bonding products and four groups using adhesive bonding consisting of 75% CaCO3 + 17.6% Bis‑GMA + 22.4% MMA with various percentages of chitosan composition (A1: 25%, A2: 50%, A3: 75%, and A4: 100%) each group consisting of two samples (n = 12). A diametric test was conducted consisting of three samples (n = 15) to measure the tensile strength of each group. Data were analyzed by a combination of one‑way analysis of variance and least significant difference tests. Result: The antibacterial inhibitory effect showed significant differences between groups (A1: 2.9467 ± 0.4163, A2: 3.6500 ± 0.6245, A3: 5.1267 ± 0.2517, A4: 4.7267 ± 0.9238; P = 0.0000; P < 0.05). A diametric tensile strength test confirmed significant differences between groups (A1: 7.2733 ± 5.0046, A2: 6.7667 ± 4.4346, A3: 6.4533 ± 2.9994, A4: 1.0058 ± 1.0058, K1: 15.6167 ± 3.1250; P = 0.009; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan‑based adhesive bonding with good tensile strength has an antibacterial inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans

Number of osteoclasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand and osteoprotegerin expression in electrolyzed reduced water-treated orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of electrolyzed reduced water effect (ERW) in the treatment of orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats by means of osteoclast number, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions. Methods: ERW was produced by an electrolysis machine that rendered the water pH alkaline. A dose of ERW 2.5 ml/100 g body weight was used for treatment for 7 days. The orthodontic tooth movement animal study was done by means of a rubber separator, with 0.0284 N force applied to the maxillary incisive tooth for 7 days. The rats were euthanized on days 3, 5 and 7 with the maxilla bone subsequently removed for immunohistochemistry examination. RANKL and OPG expression were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and the osteoclast number determined with the aid of haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: ERW decreased the osteoclast number in the treatment group on day 3 and OPG expression on day 7 and there was significant difference between the groups (p &lt; 0.05). RANKL expression decreased on Day 7. There was a significant difference between treatment groups on Days 5 and 7. Conclusion: ERW significantly inhibits the number of osteoclasts, RANKL and OPG expression during orthodontic tooth movement after 3 and 7 days. ERW is thus a potential therapy for enhancement of bone remodeling in patients with orthodontic tooth movement

Number of osteoclasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand and osteoprotegerin expression in electrolyzed reduced water-treated orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of electrolyzed reduced water effect (ERW) in the treatment of orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats by means of osteoclast number, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions. Methods: ERW was produced by an electrolysis machine that rendered the water pH alkaline. A dose of ERW 2.5 ml/100 g body weight was used for treatment for 7 days. The orthodontic tooth movement animal study was done by means of a rubber separator, with 0.0284 N force applied to the maxillary incisive tooth for 7 days. The rats were euthanized on days 3, 5 and 7 with the maxilla bone subsequently removed for immunohistochemistry examination. RANKL and OPG expression were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and the osteoclast number determined with the aid of haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: ERW decreased the osteoclast number in the treatment group on day 3 and OPG expression on day 7 and there was significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). RANKL expression decreased on Day 7. There was a significant difference between treatment groups on Days 5 and 7. Conclusion: ERW significantly inhibits the number of osteoclasts, RANKL and OPG expression during orthodontic tooth movement after 3 and 7 days. ERW is thus a potential therapy for enhancement of bone remodeling in patients with orthodontic tooth movement

Correlation between vertical components and skeletal Class II malocclusion in ethnic Javanese

Introduction: The dentoskeletal morphology of Class II malocclusion has been analyzed in several cephalometric investigations. It is crucially important to understand the vertical components in orthodontic treatment. Defining the facial type of an individual is an essential key to obtain an accurate orthodontic diagnosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to understand the correlation of vertical components in Class II skeletal malocclusion. Materials and methods: This is a observational descriptive study. This study used lateral cephalograms of Class II skeletal malocclusion from Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital, between April 2015 and 2016. Cephalometric analysis was performed using digital software by a single examiner. This analysis measured gonial (Go), upper gonial (Go1), lower gonial (Go2), Yaxis-SN angle, the length of anterior face height, and posterior face height. The correlation between each variable was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test (P<0.01). Results: There was a correlation between vertical components and Class II skeletal malocclusion. Conclusion: Vertical components were correlated with Class II skeletal malocclusion. The greater ANB angle will be followed by greater Go2, which worsens the condition of Class II skeletal malocclusion

Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Provision on Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression, Osteoclast and Osteoblast Numbers during Experimental Tooth Movement in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Objectives To investigate the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) provision on matrix etalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression, osteoclast and osteoblast numbers during experimental orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Materials and Methods Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus), 16 to 20 weeks old with 200 to 250 g body weight (bw) were divided into several groups as follows: K1: OTM for 3 days; K2: OTM for 7 days; K3: OTM for 14 days; KP1: OTM and CAPE for 3 days; KP2: OTM and CAPE for 7 days; and KP3: OTM and CAPE for 14 days. A nickel titanium closed coil spring 8.0 mm long with 10 g/mm2 was installed between the upper left first molar and upper central incisor to move molar mesially. CAPE provision with a dose of 20 mg/kg bw of animal studies was done per orally. Immunohistochemistry was done to examine MMP-9 expression and osteoclast number in compression side as well as FGF-2 expression and osteoblast number in tensile side of the OTM. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance test and Tukey’s honest significant difference test were performed to determine the difference between the groups (p < 0.05). Results MMP-9 expression and osteoclast numbers in the compression side were significantly different between the groups. Similarly, FGF-2 expression and osteoclast numbers in the tensile side were significantly different between the groups. Conclusions CAPE provision during OTM increases the number of osteoblasts and the FGF-2 expression significantly in the tensile side. Osteoclast numbers and MMP-9 expression significantly decrease in the compression side

Dental Health Knowledge Improvement about Malocclusion After Oral and Dental Health Empowerment at Miftahul Ulum Melirang Islamic Junior High School, Melirang Village, Bungah District, Gresik

Background: Malocclusion is one of dental health problem that may affect the oral health in adolescences. The dental health education delivered is expected to be able to change the dental health behaviour of individuals or communities from unhealthy to healthy behaviour. Purpose: To increase knowledge of oral health, especially the level of knowledge of malocclusion by means of empowerment of dental health knowledge at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Miftahul Ulum Melirang Junior High School, Gresik. Methods: A total of 100 junior high school children from grade tenth, eleventh, twelfth were included in the study. Data was collected by instructing participants to fill out a pre-test questionnaire on Google drive, then a teledentistry was conducted and ended by filling out a post-test questionnaire to determine the increase in oral health knowledge for evaluation of dental health empowerment. Results: The main level of knowledge of dental and oral health is good (50%), moderate (40%) and low (10%). Knowledge about dental malocclusion is only 40% who have good knowledge about malocclusion, others are low enough to reach 20% knowledge and other respondents have moderate 40%. After the dental health empowerment program, the knowledge of the participant regarding the oral health was enhanced. Conclusion: the dental and oral health empowerment was performed successfully that increased the level of knowledge of children and teachers is still less than optimal about knowledge of malocclusion, so it is necessary to carry out socialization actions regarding the impact of malocclusion

Post Oral Administration of Epigallocatechin Gallate from Camelia sinensis Extract Enhances Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor Expression during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Wistar Rats

Background:East Java green tea leaf (Camelia sinensis) possesed active compound such as Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is well known for enhancing the bone remodelling through enhancement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF-2). Remodelling of alveolar bone is very important to obtain optimal Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) to align the tooth. Aim: To investigate the expression of VEGF and FGF-2 expression during OTM in Wistar rat after administration of EGCG from C. sinensis Extract (EGCG-CSE) Wistar rats. Material and Methods: This study was true experimental study with post-test only control group design. Twenty eight Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups accordingly; K- group which did not get both EGCGCSE administration and OTM; K+ group with OTM for 14 days, but no EGCG-CSE administration; 1 (T1) with 4 days of OTM and 7 days of EGCG-CSE administration; treatment group 2 (T2) with both 14 days OTM and EGCG-CSE administration. Ten g force/mm2 of NiTi close coil spring was installed between the upper left molars and cental insicive to move the molar mesially that induce OTM. All OTM animal model were terminated in the 14th days. Maxillary was isolated for immunohistochemistry investigation. Tukey Honest Significant Difference(HSD) was done after Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test to investigate the significant difference betweengroups (p<0.05). Results: The highest positive VEGF expression was found in the T2 in both area. Meanwhile, the highest positive FGF-2 expression was found in the K-group in both area. There were significant different of VEGF and FGF-2 expression in both area between groups except T1 and T2. Conclusion: Post administration of EGCG-CSE can stimulate the VEGF and FGF-2 expression during OTM in Wistar rats

Effectiveness of Toothpaste containing Pyrophosphate and Papain to Inhibit Calculus Formation in patient using Fixed Orthodontic Appliance

Patients using fixed orthodontic appliance are more susceptible to calculus formation than patient without orthodontic treatment. Pyrophosphate and papain toothpaste can be used to reduce dental plaque and calculus accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the calcium level and phosphate level in saliva, also saliva pH in patient’s after treated with toothpaste containing pyrophosphate and papain. This study was true experimental study with pre-test and post-test controls group design with random sampling. Sample size was (n=20). Sample was 17-22 years old male or female patient using fixed orthodontic appliance. Sample divided into two groups: control group treated with placebo toothpaste and treatment group treated with toothpaste containing pyrophosphate and papain with blind method. Patients were instructed to brush their tooth twice a day daily. 3 ml unstimulated saliva was collected on the Day 1, 3, and 5. Spectrophotometer Atom Absorbance (SAA) was used to measure calcium level and phosphate level in saliva, while saliva pH measurement using pH meters. Treatment group showed lowest mean (SD) calcium level [1.12(0.29]. Calcium level in treatment group between groups (p0.05). Treatment group showed lowest phosphate level in Day 5. Phosphate level in treatment group between groups (p<0.05) was significantly different. Toothpastes containing pyrophosphate and papain decreased calcium levels, phosphate levels effectively and maintaining normal salivary pH to inhibit calculus formation in patients using fixed orthodontic appliance