Connexin 30 Deficiency Attenuates Chronic but Not Acute Phases of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Through Induction of Neuroprotective Microglia

Glial connexins (Cxs) form gap junction channels through which a pan-glial network plays key roles in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), expression of astrocytic Cx43 is lost in acute lesions but upregulated in chronic plaques, while astrocytic Cx30 is very low in normal white matter and changes in its expression have not been convincingly shown. In Cx30 or Cx43 single knockout (KO) mice and even in Cx30/Cx43 double KO mice, acute EAE is unaltered. However, the effects of Cx30/Cx43 deficiency on chronic EAE remains to be elucidated. We aimed to clarify the roles of Cx30 in chronic neuroinflammation by studying EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 in Cx30 KO mice. We found that Cx30 deficiency improved the clinical symptoms and demyelination of chronic but not acute EAE without influencing CD3+ T cell infiltration. Furthermore, increased ramified microglia in the naïve state and induced earlier and stronger microglial activation in the acute and chronic phases of EAE was observed. These activated microglia had an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as shown by the upregulation of arginase-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the downregulation of nitric oxide synthase 2. In the naïve state, Cx30 deficiency induced modest enlargement of astrocytic processes in the spinal cord gray matter and a partial reduction of Cx43 expression in the spinal cord white matter. These astrocytes in Cx30 KO mice showed earlier and stronger activation during the acute phase of EAE, with upregulated A2 astrocyte markers and a significant decrease in Cx43 in the chronic phases. Spinal cord neurons and axons were more preserved in Cx30 KO mice than in littermates in the chronic phase of EAE. These findings suggest that Cx30 deficiency increased ramified microglia in the CNS in the naïve state and improved chronic EAE through redirecting microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, suggesting a hitherto unknown critical role of astrocytic Cx30 in regulating microglial number and functional state

「コクサイ カンゴロン」 ノ ジュギョウゴ アンケート ニ オケル イチコウサツ

背景 新カリキュラムで統合分野に位置づけられた国際看護論は, あらゆるヘルスケアの場, 地域社会での役割を学ぶことが求められている.目的 国際看護論の授業後アンケート結果の内容を明らかにし, 国際看護の役割を改めて考察し, 今後の授業実践の向上に繋ぐ.方法 2011年及び2012年M短期大学看護学科(3年課程) の学生108名に行った学生の授業後アンケート (関心事項及び看護の役割を自由記述) の結果を類似した内容別に整理し, 国際看護に必要な視点と役割を考察する.結果・考察 「関心事項」 は109件の回答があり, 保健事情や生活, 教育に関する事項が多く, 「看護の役割」は110件の回答があり, 疾病予防, 健康教育の必要性が最も多く, 看護の役割が示唆された.結論 アンケート結果から, 国際看護の役割はグローバルな視野を持ち, 地域の実情に沿った相手に受け入れられる方法で協力することが重要である. また異文化の中の看護は専門職者として成長の機会といえる.Background In international nursing, an academic discipline positioned as an integrated field by the revised curriculum, students are required to learn the roles of nursing care in many different health care settings and communities.Objective We examined the results of a questionnaire survey conducted after an international nursing class to clarify the roles of international nursing and provide a basis for improving such classes.Methods Viewpoints required to provide international nursing and its roles were discussed based on the results of a questionnaire survey conducted following classes in 2011 and 2012, involving 108 students of the Department of Nursing of Short-term College M.Results/Discussion "The subjects of interest" included health care circumstances, life, and education (a total of 109 responses). "The roles of nursing care" included the necessities of disease prevention and education on heath (a total of 110 responses).Conclusions In international nursing, nurses are required to have a global point of view and provide nursing care while taking into consideration the circumstances of the community so that it is accepted by them

Elevated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody titer in Japanese multiple sclerosis.

To investigate whether antibody production against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is related to clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, IgG antibody against three MAP peptides and two human peptides homologous to MAP were measured in sera from 103 MS patients and 50 healthy controls (HCs). MS patients had higher IgG levels against MAP2694295-303 (MAP2694-IgG) than HCs, while the other antibodies were comparable. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher MAP2694-IgG titers were associated with higher EDSS scores, but not with HLA alleles or dairy product consumption. Immune response against MAP may worsen MS disability

Suzaku Observation of HCG 62: Temperature, Abundance, and Extended Hard X-ray Emission Profiles

We present results of 120 ks observation of a compact group of galaxies HCG~62 ($z=0.0145$) with Suzaku XIS and HXD-PIN\@. The XIS spectra for four annular regions were fitted with two temperature {\it vapec} model with variable abundance, combined with the foreground Galactic component. The Galactic component was constrained to have a common surface brightness among the four annuli, and two temperature {\it apec} model was preferred to single temperature model. We confirmed the multi-temperature nature of the intra-group medium reported with Chandra and XMM-Newton, with a doughnut-like high temperature ring at radii 3.3--6.5$'$ in a hardness image. We found Mg, Si, S, and Fe abundances to be fairly robust. We examined the possible ``high-abundance arc'' at $\sim 2'$ southwest from the center, however Suzaku data did not confirm it. We suspect that it is a misidentification of an excess hot component in this region as the Fe line. Careful background study showed no positive detection of the extended hard X-rays previously reported with ASCA, in 5--12 keV with XIS and 12--40 keV with HXD-PIN, although our upper limit did not exclude the ASCA result. There is an indication that the X-ray intensity in $r<3.3'$ region is $70\pm 19$% higher than the nominal CXB level (5--12 keV), and Chandra and Suzaku data suggest that most of this excess could be due to concentration of hard X-ray sources with an average photon index of $\Gamma=1.38\pm 0.06$. Cumulative mass of O, Fe and Mg in the group gas and the metal mass-to-light ratio were derived and compared with those in other groups. Possible role of AGN or galaxy mergers in this group is also discussed.Comment: 29 pages with 9 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ Vol 60, second Suzaku special issu