Synthesis of δ-Bromo γ,δ-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds via Palladium-Catalyzed Bromoalkylation of Alkynoates

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective intermolecular tandem reaction of electron-deficient alkynes, CuBr₂, and allylic alcohol to synthesize δ-bromo-γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyls was developed. A mechanism involving bromopalladation of alkyne, followed by insertion of allylic alcohol and allylic hydrogen shift, is proposed. The shift of allylic hydrogen is the rate-limiting step in this reaction

Supporting Information from Copper-catalysed regioselective sulfenylation of indoles with sodium sulfinates

A copper-catalysed sulfenylation of indoles with sodium sulfinates to afford 3-sulfenylindoles in good-to-excellent yields in DMF is described. In the process, DMF is not only used as a solvent, but also as a reductant. This transformation features easy operation, mild reaction conditions and good functional group tolerance

Metal-Free Synthesis of 2‑Aminobenzothiazoles via Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization/Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanones and Thioureas

A metal-free process for the synthesis of 2-aminobenzothiazoles from cyclohexanones and thioureas has been developed using catalytic iodine and molecular oxygen as the oxidant under mild conditions. Various 2-aminobenzothiazoles, 2-aminonaphtho[2,1-<i>d</i>]thiazoles, and 2-aminonaphtho[1,2-d]thiazoles were prepared via this method in satisfactory yields

Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic C(sp²)–H Functionalization for C–N Bond Formation: Synthesis of Pyrazoles and Indazoles

A simple, practical, and highly efficient synthesis of pyrazoles and indazoles via copper-catalyzed direct aerobic oxidative C­(sp²)–H amination has been reported herein. This process tolerated a variety of functional groups under mild conditions. Further diversification of pyrazoles was also investigated, which provided its potential for drug discovery

Pd-Catalyzed Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Formation of C–C Double Bonds: An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Benzofuran‑, Dihydrobenzofuran‑, and Indoline-Containing Alkenes

A highly regio- and stereoselective C–C double bond formation reaction via Pd-catalyzed Heck-type cascade process with <i>N</i>-tosylhydrazones has been developed. Various <i>N</i>-tosylhydrazones derived from both ketones and aldehydes are found to be efficient substrates to provide di- and trisubstituted olefins with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, this reaction has a good functional group tolerance and different benzofuran-, dihydrobenzofuran-, and indoline-containing alkene products were obtained with high selectivity

Cryptotanshinone-Loaded Cerasomes Formulation: In Vitro Drug Release, in Vivo Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Efficacy for Topical Therapy of Acne

Cerasomes (CS), evolved from liposomes, are novel drug-delivery systems that have potential medical application as carriers for drugs or active ingredients. Although many studies have been conducted on the pharmaceutical and physicochemical properties of CS, the role of CS in influencing the in vivo plasma and topical pharmacokinetics and efficacy of topical drug delivery remain unclear. In this context, we chose cryptotanshinone (CTS) as a model drug for the preparation of CTS-CS by means of the ethanol injection method to investigate their in vitro/in vivo drug-release behavior and in vivo efficacy. (1) In in vitro studies, CTS-CS gel was proven to be capable of achieving a higher permeation rate and significant accumulation in the dermis of isolated rat skin using Franz diffusion cells. (2) In in vivo studies, microdialysis experiments used to measure the plasma and topical pharmacokinetics demonstrated that the CS had a high drug concentration, short peak time, and slow elimination. Meanwhile, the plasma area under the concentration–time curve of CTS-CS gel was less than half that for the CTS gel in 12 h, which indicates that the drug bioavailability dramatically increased in the experiments. (3) In in vivo efficacy studies, we duplicated a rat acne model and performed antiacne efficacy experiments. The CTS-CS gel improved the antiacne efficacy compared to that of ordinary CTS gel. Moreover, it inhibited the expression of interleukin-1α and androgen receptors effectively. All of these results show that CTS-CS gel has significant potential for the treatment of acne induced by inflammation and excessive secretion of androgen, suggesting that CS formulations were designed as a good therapeutic option for skin disease

Additional file 3: of Isoliquiritigenin suppresses human melanoma growth by targeting miR-301b/LRIG1 signaling

Figure S1. ISL inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in melanoma cells in vitro. (A) MEWO cells were treated with ISL (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM) for 24 h, and cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. (B) MEWO cells were treated with 20 μM ISL, cell proliferation at indicated time (24, 48, 72 h) was measured by CCK-8 assay. (C, D) Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis of MEWO cells after being treated with ISL (0, 10, 20 μM) for 24 h. (E, F) Representative images and quantification of colony formation of MEWO cells after being treated with ISL (0, 5, 10 Μm). (G, H)Western blot analysis of the protein level of apoptosis associated proteins(bcl-2, bax, parp, cleaved-caspase-3) in ISL treated A375 and A2058 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs ISL(0 μM) treated group. n = 3. (TIF 25527 kb

Additional file 2: of Isoliquiritigenin suppresses human melanoma growth by targeting miR-301b/LRIG1 signaling

Table S1. Sequences of mRNA PCR primers used in this study. (DOCX 19 kb

Additional file 1: of Isoliquiritigenin suppresses human melanoma growth by targeting miR-301b/LRIG1 signaling

Figure S2. (A, B)RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA level of miR301b in ISL treated A375 and A2058 cells which were transfected with miR301b or control(NC). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs PBS Treated group. (C, D)Western blot analysis of the protein level of apoptosis associated proteins(c-PARP, Bax, bcl-2, cleaved-caspase-3) in ISL treated A375 and A2058 cells which were transfected with miR301b or miR-NC. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs miR-NC Treated in PBS groups. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs miR-NC Treated in ISL groups. (TIF 13582 kb

Additional file 4: of Isoliquiritigenin suppresses human melanoma growth by targeting miR-301b/LRIG1 signaling

Figure S3. (A)RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA level alteration of 7 common target genes of miR301b in A375 and A2058 cells after being transfected with miR301b mimic/NC or treated with miR301b inhibitor/NC. *P < 0.05 vs NC. (B)Design of luciferase reporters with the WT Akt3 3’UTR (Akt3–3’UTR WT) or the site-directed mutant Akt3 3’UTR (Akt3–3’UTR MUT). (C)RT-qPCR analysis of miR301b level in A375 and A2058 cells after being transfected with miR301b mimic/NC or treated with miR301b inhibitor/NC. **P < 0.01 vs NC. (D)RT-qPCR analysis of the mRNA level of LRIG1 in A375 and A2058 cells after being transfected with miR301b mimic/NC or treated with miR301b inhibitor/NC. **P < 0.01 vs NC.*P < 0.05 vs NC. (E, F)Western blot analysis of the protein level of apoptosis associated proteins(LRIG1, c-PARP, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3) in ISL treated A375 and A2058 cells which were transfected with si-LRIG1 or control(NC). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs PBS Treated in si-NC groups. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs PBS Treated in si-LRIG1 groups. (G)Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis in ISL treated A375 and A2058 cells which were transfected with si-LRIG1 or si-NC.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs PBS + si-NC. (H)Quantification of TUNEL positive cells in ISL treated A375 and A2058 cells which were transfected with si-LRIG1 or si-NC.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs PBS + si-NC. (TIF 25520 kb