Primena matematičkog modela 'Demand' na površinske metode navodnjavanja zemljišta aridnih i semi aridnih

This study gives data on water requirements of important agricultural crops. Data on irrigation water quantity are projected values which will be used for design of the pipeline and open canals irrigation network. The study was carried out at the location of the previously constructed irrigation and drainage system within Agro Industrial Complex Dujailah in Iraq. A large number of data were collected, such as hydro-meteorological data, crop data and soil data. Based on the analysed area of 3,120 ha, the following classification and ratio of irrigation methods was established for the total area of 25,000 ha: 1) surface irrigation (basin, border strip), 60% or 15,000 ha, 2) other hi-tech irrigation methods (drip irrigation, micro-jets, hose-reel irrigators of different dimension, centre pivot, linear irrigators - Rangers), 40% of total system area or 10,000 ha. As a result of applying the mathematical model 'Demand', certain hydraulic parameters were precisely determined for designing the irrigation network on that part of the irrigation and drainage system where contemporary irrigation methods and techniques will be applied within the reconstruction and revitalization project.U radu je dat prikaz podataka o zahtevima važnijih poljoprivrednih kultura za vodom. Informacije o količinama vode za navodnjavanje predstavljaju projektne veličine koje će se koristiti za dimenzionisanje irigacione mreže cevovoda i otvorenih kanala. Istraživanja su sprovedena na lokaciji ranije izgrađenog irigaciono-drenažnog sistema u okviru Agro Industriskog Komplesa Dujailah u Iraq. Prikupljen je veliki broj podataka kao što su hidrometeorloški podaci, podaci o kulturama (usevima) i podaci o zemljištu. Na osnovu analizirane površine od 3.120 ha, utvrđena je sledeća klasifikacija i učešće pojedinih metoda navodnjavanja, na ukupnoj površini od 25.000 ha: 1. Površinsko navodnjavanje (potapanje-basen, plavljenje-border strip), 60% ili 15.000 ha, 2. Ostali, Hi-tech metodi navodnjavanja (kap po kap, mikro jet, Tifoni različitih dimnzija, Centar Pivoti, Lineari-Rendžeri), 40% od ukupne površine sistema, ili 10.000 ha. Kao rezultat primene matematičkog modela 'Demand', detaljno su određeni hidraulički parametri za dimenzionisanje irigacione mreže na onom delu irigaciono-drenažnog sistema, gde će projektima rekonstrukcije i revitalizacije biti primenjeni savremeni metodi i tehnike navodnjavanja

Analiza drenažnih kriterijuma kao uslov melioracija višeslojnih zemljišta aridnih regiona

This study gives a detailed analysis of parameters for determination of basic criteria for field-pipe drainage, since desalinisation (Land Reclamation) and amelioration of degraded saline soils and its control require the existence of adequate ground drainage. For the purposes of drainage, pedological study was conducted and hydraulic conductivity measured in the selected horizons. Field measurements used standard augerhole method in saturated soil extract, below ground water level, for various depths to 5 m. For layers above ground water level and below it (if it was below drill depth), K- values were calculated based on: soil texture, average conductivity, via infiltration test, average filtration coefficient (100 ccm Kopecki), inverse augerhole method, while K- values for horizons of 0-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 were calculated based on the concept of transmissibility. The map of hydraulic conductivity was produced as the final result of the study, based on measured and estimated-calculated values. K-values (m/day) were classified into percentage categories (from 0.5 to gt 4.0 m/day). Since soil desalinisation has three phases (initial leaching, reclamation-transitional production of tolerant crops, and regular crop production), it is clear that the drainage systems are projected for the third phase, therefore drainage quantities are defined as those that need to go through the drainage system in a given time in a given period, in order to maintain the rhizosphere salinity at the desired level. Drainage water quantity is the same as added water quantity (leaching requirements) in order to maintain the desired salinity level (4 mmhos/cm), with 25-30% of the gross irrigation requirements. Based on the gross irrigation and drainage requirements, the drainage hydromodule was determined at q = 2 mm/day. Important factors for subsurface-pipe drainage are depth and oscillations of ground water level in the growing period, or the minimum depth, which determines the aeration value and development of plant rhizosphere. The analysis verified that the drainage system designed for permanent requirements in the regular production phase can satisfy temporary drainage requirements at the initial leaching phase. Finally, field drainage depth must be higher than minimum depth of ground water, so that hydraulic head is provided which causes movement of ground water towards the drain. Adopted field drain depth is 2.0-2.5 m. As the final result of the applied methods, and based on hydro-pedological soil properties and their analyses, the modified Hooghoudt-Ernst equation was used to calculate field drain spacing. By using the aforementioned calculation method, the drainage spacing is adopted as follows: 45 m, 60 m, 75 m, 90 m, 105 m, and 120 m, while average drainage depth is 2.3 m.U ovom radu prikazana je detaljna analiza parametara za determinaciju osnovnih kriterijma poljske-cevne drenaže, obzirom da desalinizacija (Land Reclamation) i poboljšanje degradiranih zaslanjenih zemljišta i njegova kontrola, zahteva postojanje adekvatne podzemne drenaže. Za potrebe drenaže, urađena su pedološka istraživanja i merenja hidrauličkog konduktiviteta izdvojenih horizonata. Poljska merenja su rađena standardnom Auger-hole metodom u saturisanom zemljišnom ekstraktu, ispod nivoa podzemne vode, za različite dubine do 5 m. Kao finalni rezultat istraživanja, sačinjena je karta hidrauličkog konduktiviteta, kako na osnovu merenih, tako i na osnovu procenjenih-sračunatih vrednosti. Vrednosti K (m/dan), svrstane su u % kategorija (od 0,5 do gt 4,0 m/dan). Drenažne količine, jednake su dodatnoj količini vode eng. 'leaching requirements', za održavanje željenog nivoa saliniteta (4 mmhos/cm), sa 25-30% od ukupnih irgacionih zahteva. Na osnovu ukupnih, potrebnih količina vode za navodnjavanje i odvodnjavanje, drenažni hidromodul koji treba koristiti za dimenzionisanje sistema je q = 2mm/dan. Bitan činilac podzemne-cevne drenaže je dubina i oscilacije novoa podzemne vode u period vegetacije. Analizom je verifikovano, da drenažni sistem, može zadovoljiti temporarne drenažne zahteve u fazi inicjalnog ispiranja. Dubina poljske drenaže mora biti veća od minimalne dubine podzemne vode, sa ciljem da se obezbedi hidraulički pritisak koji uslovljava kretanje podzemne vode ka drenu. Usvojena dubina poljske drenaže je od 2,0-2,5 m. Kao finale rezultata primenjenih metoda, a na osnovu hidro-pedoloških karakteristika zemljišta i analize istih, za proračun rastojanja poljskih drenova, korišćena je modifikovana Houghout-Ernst jednačina. Koristeći pomentu metodu proračuna, usvojena drenažna rastojanja su: 45m, 60m, 75m, 90m, 105m i 120m, dok je prosečna dubina drenaže 2,3 m

The importance of plant genetic resources in agroecosystem

Monitoring and conservation of plant genetic resources are essential for the development of modern agricultural production. Biodiversity of plant resources in agriculture is a biological basis for ensuring quality world food, acting as the basis for creating new varieties through conventional crossing process or application of biotechnology. Since the laboratory and field experiments can not assume all the possible interactions that may occur in the ecosystem, monitoring is necessary in natural environment, bringing to light the necessity of collaborative interdisciplinary involvement and research

Uticaj proporcije i veličine vegetacionog prostora roditeljskih linija na broj semena hibrida kukuruza ZP 42A i ZP 704

The three-year four-replication trials with two sowing densities were set up according to randomized complete block design under conditions of irrigation in two locations in order to determine the effects of a proportion and a size of a vegetation area of parental lines on the number of seeds of maize hybrids ZP 42 A and ZP 704. Hemp was sown in border belts of 3.2 m in width that were the isolation between experimental variants. The number and the arrangement of parental rows were 4:2 in favor of a female component. The number of plants per area unit amounted to 55,000 and 65,000 per hectare. The inter-row distance for the female component amounted to 70 cm, while there were the following two distances for the male component: 70 cm and 50 cm. The proportion of areas under female component plants amounted to 66.7% and 72.2%. A statistically high significance of the environment (location x growing season), the inter-row distance of male component plants, the rows of female component plants and the density, i.e. the number of plants, was determined by the analysis of variance for the total number of kernels-seeds per ear of female component plants.Tokom trogodišnjih istraživanja u dve lokacije i dve gustine, utvrđen je uticaj proporcije i veličine vegetacionog prostora roditeljskih linija na broj semena hibrida kukuruza ZP 42 A i ZP 704. Ogled je postavljen po potpuno slučajnom blok-sistemu u četiri ponavljanja u uslovima navodnjavanja. Izolacija između oglednih varijanti bila je konoplja zasejana u trake širine 3,2 m. Broj i raspored redova roditeljskih linija bio je 4:2 u korist linije-majke. Broj biljaka po jedinici površine bio je 55.000 i 65.000 biljaka po hektaru. Za redove biljaka linije-majke međuredno rastojanje iznosilo je 70 cm a kod redova biljaka linije-oca bile su dve varijante: 70 cm i 50 cm. Učešće (proporcija) površine pod biljkama linije-majke iznosila je 66,7% i 72,2%. Analizom varijanse za ukupan broj zrna-semena na klipu biljaka linije-majke utvrđena je statistički visoka značajnost spoljne sredine (lokacija x vegetacioni period), međurednog rastojanja biljaka linije-oca, redova biljaka linije-majke i gustine tj. broja biljaka

Uticaj međurednog razmaka na broj plodnih mahuna kod soje u uslovima navodnjavanja

Three inter-row distances and three soybean cultivars were observed under irrigation conditions in the two-year study. The goal was to establish the effect of different inter-row distances on the number of soybean fertile pods. The two-year average shows a significant decrease in the number of fertile pods with the decrease in the inter-row distance (38.69, 31.86 and 27.98). In both years, the number of fertile pods was significantly higher with the inter-row distance of 70 cm than of 50 and 25 cm. Significantly more fertile pods (ranging from 15.06 to 23.68%) were recorded in the late maturity cultivar than in the early and medium maturity cultivars. The cultivar x inter-row distance interaction shows that soybean genotypes similarly responded to changes in the inter-row distance. The number of fertile pods depended on weather and irrigation conditions, which have to be adjusted to the precipitation sum and distribution. A positive correlation was established between the number of fertile pods and the yield per plant.U dvogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivana su tri međuredna razmaka i tri sorte soje u uslovima navodnjavanja. Cilj je bio da se ustanovi u kojoj meri promena međurednog razmaka utiče na broj plodnih mahuna kod soje. U proseku za obe godine zapaženo je značajno smanjenje broja plodnih mahuna po biljci smanjenjem međurednog razmaka (38,69, 31,86 i 27,98). U obe godine istraživanja dobijen je značajno veći broj plodnih mahuna po biljci na međurednom razmaku od 70 cm u odnosu na 50 i 25 cm. Kasna sorta imala je značajno više fertilnih mahuna (od 15,06 do 23,68%) od rane i srednjestasne sorte. Interakcija između sorte i međurednog razmaka pokazuje da su genotipovi soje slično reagovali na promenu međurednog razmaka. Broj fertilnih mahuna zavisio je od vremenskih uslova i navodnjavanja koje mora biti usklađeno sa količinom i rasporedom padavina. Utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između broja plodnih mahuna i prinosa po biljci

The importance of plant genetic resources in agroecosystem

Monitoring and conservation of plant genetic resources are essential for the development of modern agricultural production. Biodiversity of plant resources in agriculture is a biological basis for ensuring quality world food, acting as the basis for creating new varieties through conventional crossing process or application of biotechnology. Since the laboratory and field experiments can not assume all the possible interactions that may occur in the ecosystem, monitoring is necessary in natural environment, bringing to light the necessity of collaborative interdisciplinary involvement and research

Application of AMMI model in zoning of FAO 400-500 maize hybrids

Identification of high yielding and stable genotypes is one of the main goals in all breeding programmes Estimation of hybrids is often aggravated due to the presence of genotype x envi- ronment (GE) interaction One of the ways to eliminate negative effect of this interaction is the application of reliable statistical models such as AMMI model, which singles out high yielding and stable genotypes that have positive reaction to the improvement of production environments This research aimed to establish specific maize hybrids interactions in different environments in two years by AMMI analysis Twelve KWS maize hybrids belonging to FAO 400-500, were exam- ined in two years over eight locations in Vojvodina The highest yield in both years had the hybrid KWS2 (12 764 kg ha-1) Based on the AMMI1 model, hybrid KWS9 showed the highest stability and adaptability at all locations According to AMMI2, hybrids KWS1, KWS3 and KWS12, had the highest stability and adaptability, while hybrids KWS2, KWS6, KWS8, KWS9 and KWS10 showed a satisfactory level of stability and it is necessary to pay attention to which locations they have positive interactions in order to be recommended in such regions Nevertheless, based on the AMMI2, locations Temerin, Kikinda and Zrenjanin, showed similar interaction response, which points out that the number of trial locations could be reduced Obtained results would contribute to the more precise decision in hybrids recommendation for the certain region, but also in defining further aims in maize breeding.Identifikacija visoko prinosnih i stabilnih genotipova jedan je od vodećih ciljeva u svim ople- menjivačkim programima Pravilna procena hibrida je često veoma otežana usled prisustva in- terakcije genotip/spoljašnja sredina Jedan od načina da se eliminišu negativne posledice interak- cije je da se primenom pouzdanih statističkih modela, kao što je AMMI model, izdvoje stabilni, visoko prinosni genotipovi, koji pozitivo reaguju na poboljšanje uslova u kojima se gaje Cilj ovog rada bio je da se metodom AMMI analize pronađu i utvrde specifične interakcije hibrida kukuruza u različitim sredinama u dve godine istraživanja Odabrano je 12 KWS hibrida kuku- ruza FAO 400-500, koji su ispitivani u dve godine na šest lokaliteta u Vojvodini Najveći prinos u obe godine ispitivanja imao je hibrid KWS2 (12 764 kg ha-1) Na osnovu AMMI1 modela hibrid KWS9 je pokazao najveću stabilnost i adaptabilnost na svim lokacijama Analizom AMMI2 bi- plota utvrđeno je da hibridi KWS1, KWS3 i KWS12 pokazuju najveću stabilnost i adaptabilnost, dok hibridi KWS2, KWS6, KWS8, KWS9 i KWS10 pokazuju zadovoljavajući nivo stabilnosti i potrebno je obratiti pažnju sa kojim lokacijama ostvaruju pozitivne interakcije i u tim regionima ih preporučivati Takođe na osnovu AMMI2 biplota, lokacije Temerin, Kikinda i Zrenjanin su pokazale vrlo sličan interakcijski odgovor, što ukazuje na mogućnost smanjenja broja lokacija za izvođenje ogleda Rezultati dobijeni ovim istraživanjem će doprineti preciznijem i kvalitetnijem odlučivanju prilikom izbora hibrida koji će se gajiti u određenom regionu, ali i definisanju daljih pravaca u oplemenjivanju kukuruza

Assessing ecological risks and benefits of genetically modified crops 99

Abstract: Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc

Effects of nitrogen fertilizing on the 1000-grain weight of maize inbred lines

In this study the influences of three N fertilizers (urea = 46% N; calcium ammonium nitrate or CAN; ammonium sulphate) and their distribution (N-autumn; N-spring; N-50% autumn + 50% spring; N-33% autumn + 67% spring; N-100% spring based on N-min method test) on 1000-grain weight of two maize inbred lines (IL1 and IL2) were tested under conditions of Zemun Polje calcaric chernozem for three growing seasons (2001, 2002 and 2003) with aim of N fertilization optimization for seed-maize growing. The use of the N-min method test (N ranging from 17 to 35 kg ha-1, in dependence on the soil mineral nitrogen content), especially in years with lower precipitation sums, resulted in the highest increase in 1000–grain weight (3 2%) of observed maize inbred lines in relation to the control. The application of different forms of nitrogen did not result in statistically signifcant differences in 1000–grain weight of observed maize inbred lines