Mao’s Conception of the Revolutionary Subject

The article explores Mao’s conception of the revolutionary subject, focusing on the relationship between the peasantry and proletariat. In the years after the October Revolution, when vulgar and reductionist readings and interpretations of Marx seemed to prevail, Mao, influenced by the specific material conditions and class relations in China, conceptualised an important novelty within the Marxist tradition. Namely, he developed a very different and original understanding of the revolutionary subject, and especially a different understanding of the relationship between the proletariat and peasantry. He introduced the split between the main revolutionary subject––the proletariat––and the main revolutionary force––the peasantry. This novelty, which was unique up to that point in Marxist theory, enabled Mao to think of the Chinese revolutionary movement within a Marxist framework while considering the material conditions of life in China

Public oversight of the audit profession – Comparison of implemented practices in the EU and the U.S.

Following financial scandals at the turn of the century, the audit profession in the European Union, the United States and elsewhere, has undergone profound legislative and regulatory reforms, including the requirement for intense public oversight of the profession. The article provides an overview of the development of external quality assurance systems in the audit profession in the EU and the U.S. with emphasis on the system of public oversight, implemented after the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the U.S. and the Statutory Audit Directive of 2006 in the EU. The aims of the article are: 1) to explain different backgrounds of external quality assurance systems in the EU and the U.S., 2) to describe implemented practices related to the public oversight system in the two regions and 3) to present the main findings of the existing empirical research focusing on the impact of the newly established systems of public oversight on the quality of audit services. Our literature research reveals that the evidence on the impact of the public oversight on the ultimate audit quality in the EU has not yet been provided because the Member States have only finished the implementation of the Statutory Audit Directive requirements into national legislations by the year 2008. In the U.S., on the other hand, first empirical evidence has been presented, suggesting that the quality of auditing has improved after the passing of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. So far evidence has been provided to support the proposition that PCAOB opinions are associated with earnings quality of the audit firm’s clients, that auditors have become more conservative and that the new inspectors (as opposed to the former system of self-regulation) can hold the auditors to stricter standards by taking concrete actions against felonious auditors and imposing costly penalties

Životni ciklus elektroničkog i konvencionalnog grafičkog proizvoda

Životni ciklus elektroničke i knjige izrađene konvencionalnim putem uvelike se razlikuje. U radu se radi o istraživanju, uočavanju i analiziranju razlika životnog ciklusa dviju knjiga. Radi lakšeg uočavanja štetnih učinaka na okoliš, koristi se metoda životnog ciklusa proizvoda pomoću koje će se svaki životni ciklus razgraditi na manje cjeline i tako pokazati i objasniti proizvodnju za oba dvije knjige. Svrha istraživanja je podijeljena u tri dijela. U prvom djelu objašnjava se životni ciklus proizvoda i njegova svrha. Drugi dio objašnjava nastanak knjige konvencionalnim grafičkim putem, a u trećem je objašnjena proizvodnja elektronskog uređaja koji je pod-sredstvo za čitanje i korištenje elektroničke knjige. U završnom djelu objasnit će se i prikazati rezultati životnog ciklusa knjige i elektroničkog uređaja

Izolirana ekstremitetna perfuzija

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is a form of regional treatment of locally advanced limb cancers. It was first described in 1950s and modified with time. In 1980s, hyperthermia was added and in 1990s TNF (tumor necrosis factor). ILP is indicated in the patients with locoregionally advanced melanoma (in transit metastases) and in the patients with limb sarcomas where amputation would be the only radical treatment. During the procedure, the artery and vein for lower/upper limb is isolated and connected to the heart-lung machine. In the first part of the procedure, the isolated limb is warming to about 40o C and leakage measurements with isotope are performed. If there is no leakage, cytotoxic drug is applied in the dosage 10-20 times higher than the maximal dosages during systemic application. At the end of the procedure, the limb is washed out and the vessels repaired. Postoperative complications are usually regional in the form of erythema and edema. ILP is an effective treatment with complete response rates reaching 70% in patients with melanoma and 80% limb sparing in patients with advanced sarcomas.Izolirana ekstremitetna perfuzija (ILP) je oblika regionalnega zdravljenja napredovalih rakov udov. Prvič je bila opisana v 50. letih prejšnjega stoletja in se je s časom nadgrajevala. Tako so v 80. letih najprej dodali hipertermijo, v 90. letih pa še citokin TNF (tumor necrosis factor). Danes z ILP zdravimo bolnike z lokoregionalno napredovalim melanomom (intranzit zasevki) in sarkomi, pri katerih bi bila za radikalnost potrebna amputacija uda. Pri posegu izoliramo arterijo in veno za spodnji oz. zgornji ud in ju priključimo na napravo za zunajtelesni krvi obtok, s čimer ud izoliramo od sistemskega krvnega obtoka. Ud nato segrejemo na temperaturo okoli 40 o C in z izotopno metodo izključimo komunikacijo med izoliranim obtokom uda in sistemskim obtokom. Če med sistemoma ne uhaja tekočina, apliciramo citostatik. Koncentracija citostatika v izoliranem sistemu je 10- do 20-krat večja, kot je zaradi neželenih učinkov možno pri sistemski aplikaciji. Po posegu ud izperemo, zašijemo arterijo in veno ter ga znova priključimo na sistemski krvni obtok. Pooperativni zapleti so večinoma omejeni na ud in so navadno blagi (eritem in edem). Pri bolnikih z melanomom dosežemo popolni odgovor pri približno 70 % bolnikov, pri bolnikih s sarkomi pa nam omenjeni poseg omogoči ohranitev uda pri 80 % bolnikov, pri katerih bi bila sicer potrebna amputacija