39 research outputs found
Oblique coronal view of computerized tomography myelography visualizing the dorsal rootlets
<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Computerized tomography myelography with coronal and oblique coronal view for diagnosis of nerve root avulsion in brachial plexus injury"</p><p>http://www.JBPPNI.com/content/2/1/16</p><p>Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury 2007;2():16-16.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1947985.</p><p></p
Coronal view of computerized tomography myelography visualizing the ventral rootlets
<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Computerized tomography myelography with coronal and oblique coronal view for diagnosis of nerve root avulsion in brachial plexus injury"</p><p>http://www.JBPPNI.com/content/2/1/16</p><p>Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury 2007;2():16-16.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1947985.</p><p></p> The number or size of rootlets and the connection with the cord are well visualized
Intramolecular H/D Exchange of Ethanol Catalyzed by Acidic OH Groups on H‑ZSM‑5 Zeolite
IR
observation of ethanol adsorption clarified the presence of the apparent
intramolecular isotope exchange from CD<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH
to CHD<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OD on acidic OH groups of H-ZSM-5
zeolite. This reaction did not proceed with CD<sub>3</sub>OH nor CH<sub>3</sub>CD<sub>2</sub>OH, implying that the β-hydrogen of alcohol
had interaction with the lattice oxygen adjacent to Al and that the
reaction was mediated by isotope exchange of CD<sub>3</sub> groups
of ethanol and OH groups on zeolite
Combining Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver, Mass Spectrometry, and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Toxicology
Species
differences exist in terms of drug oxidation activities,
which are mediated mainly by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. To overcome
the problem of species extrapolation, transchromosomic mice containing
a human P450 3A cluster or chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes
have been introduced into the human toxicology research area. In this
review, drug metabolism and disposition mediated by humanized livers
in chimeric mice are summarized in terms of biliary/urinary excretions
of phthalate and bisphenol A and plasma clearances of the human cocktail
probe drugs caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol, and midazolam.
Simulation of human plasma concentrations of the teratogen thalidomide
and its human metabolites is possible with a simplified physiologically
based pharmacokinetic model based on data obtained in chimeric mice,
in accordance with reported clinical thalidomide concentrations. In
addition, <i>in vivo</i> nonspecific hepatic protein binding
parameters of metabolically activated <sup>14</sup>C-drug candidate
and hepatotoxic medicines in humanized liver mice can be analyzed
by accelerator mass spectrometry and are useful for predictions in
humans
Simulation of Human Plasma Concentrations of Thalidomide and Primary 5‑Hydroxylated Metabolites Explored with Pharmacokinetic Data in Humanized TK-NOG Mice
Plasma
concentrations of thalidomide and primary 5-hydroxylated
metabolites including 5,6-dihydroxythalidomide and glutathione (GSH)
conjugate(s) were investigated in chimeric mice with highly “humanized”
liver cells harboring cytochrome <i>P450 3A5*1</i>. Following
oral administration of thalidomide (100 mg/kg), plasma concentrations
of GSH conjugate(s) of 5-hydroxythalidomide were higher in humanized
mice than in controls. Simulation of human plasma concentrations of
thalidomide were achieved with a simplified physiologically based
pharmacokinetic model in accordance with reported thalidomide concentrations.
The results indicate that the pharmacokinetics in humans of GSH conjugate
and/or catechol primary 5-hydroxylated thalidomide contributing <i>in vivo</i> activation can be estimated for the first time
<i>In vitro</i> inhibition and enhancement of liver microsomal S-777469 metabolism by long-chain fatty acids and serum albumin: insight into <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> discrepancy of metabolite formation in humans
<p>1. It was previously demonstrated that 10% of S-777469, a cannabinoid receptor 2 selective agonist, is metabolized to its carboxylic acid metabolite (S-777469 5-carboxylic acid, 5-CA) in humans <i>in vivo</i>, while the formation of 5-CA is extremely low in human cryopreserved hepatocytes and liver microsomes (HLMs). In this study, factors causing the different metabolite formation rates of S-777469 <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> were investigated.</p> <p>2. Formation of 5-CA and S-777469 5-hydroxymethyl (5-HM), a precursor metabolite of 5-CA, was catalyzed by CYP2C9. Arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid, oleic acid and myristic acid, which have been reported to exist in liver microsomes, inhibited S-777469 oxidation by CYP2C9, but serum albumin enhanced this reactions.</p> <p>3. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of these fatty acids for 5-CA formation from 5-HM were lower than those of 5-HM formation from S-777469. Serum albumin extensively enhanced 5-CA formation from 5-HM in comparison to 5-HM formation from S-777469.</p> <p>4. CYP2C9 was the enzyme responsible for S-777469 oxidation in human livers. The suppressive effects of several fatty acids and enhancing action of serum albumin <i>in vitro</i> are likely to be the causal factors for the apparently different rates of <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> metabolite formation of S-777469.</p
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics of typical compounds by a physiologically based method using chimeric mice with humanized liver
<p></p><p>In this study, total body clearance (CL<sub>t</sub>), volume of distribution at steady state (<i>V</i><sub>ss</sub>) and plasma concentration–time profiles in humans of model compounds were predicted using chimeric mice with humanized livers.</p><p>On the basis of assumption that unbound intrinsic clearance (CL<sub>Uint</sub>) per liver weight in chimeric mice was equal to those in humans, CL<sub>t</sub> were predicted by substituting human liver blood flow and liver weights in well-stirred model. <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub> were predicted by Rodgers equation using scaling factors of tissue-plasma concentration ratios (SF<sub>Kp</sub>) in chimeric mice estimated from a difference between the observed and predicted <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub>. These physiological approaches showed high prediction accuracy for CL<sub>t</sub> and <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub> values in humans.</p><p>We compared the predictability of CL<sub>t</sub> and <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub> determined by the physiologically based predictive approach using chimeric mice with those from predictive methods reported by Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America. The physiological approach using chimeric mice indicated the best prediction accuracy in each predictive method.</p><p>Simulation of human plasma concentration–time profiles were generally successful with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating CL<sub>Uint</sub> and SF<sub>Kp</sub> obtained from chimeric mice.</p><p>Combined application of chimeric mice and PBPK modeling is effective for prediction of human PK in various compounds.</p><p></p> <p>In this study, total body clearance (CL<sub>t</sub>), volume of distribution at steady state (<i>V</i><sub>ss</sub>) and plasma concentration–time profiles in humans of model compounds were predicted using chimeric mice with humanized livers.</p> <p>On the basis of assumption that unbound intrinsic clearance (CL<sub>Uint</sub>) per liver weight in chimeric mice was equal to those in humans, CL<sub>t</sub> were predicted by substituting human liver blood flow and liver weights in well-stirred model. <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub> were predicted by Rodgers equation using scaling factors of tissue-plasma concentration ratios (SF<sub>Kp</sub>) in chimeric mice estimated from a difference between the observed and predicted <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub>. These physiological approaches showed high prediction accuracy for CL<sub>t</sub> and <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub> values in humans.</p> <p>We compared the predictability of CL<sub>t</sub> and <i>V</i><sub>ss</sub> determined by the physiologically based predictive approach using chimeric mice with those from predictive methods reported by Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America. The physiological approach using chimeric mice indicated the best prediction accuracy in each predictive method.</p> <p>Simulation of human plasma concentration–time profiles were generally successful with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating CL<sub>Uint</sub> and SF<sub>Kp</sub> obtained from chimeric mice.</p> <p>Combined application of chimeric mice and PBPK modeling is effective for prediction of human PK in various compounds.</p
Mean accuracy (SD) for the letter and fingerspelling conditions during fMRI.
<p>Mean accuracy (SD) for the letter and fingerspelling conditions during fMRI.</p
Modality-specific neural components for converting letter and fingerspelling inputs into phonological STM during verbal learning.
<p>The left IOG involved in letter perception is known to have fast and direct connections with the left IFG involved in speech production and lexical learning. This ventral occpitofrontal connection constitutes a specific neural pathway involved in verbal learning via letter inputs (white line). The dorsal parietofrontal connection linking the left SPL with the left IFG serves as a visuomotor pathway for verbal learning via sign language learning (gray line). The left PMd selectively activated by fingerspelling inputs is also known to have structural and functional coupling with the posterior parietal and inferior frontal regions [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177599#pone.0177599.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>] and thus likely to operate with this dorsal neural system (dotted line).</p
Heterogeneous Ni Catalyst for Direct Synthesis of Primary Amines from Alcohols and Ammonia
This paper reports the synthesis of primary amines from
alcohols
and NH<sub>3</sub> by an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-supported Ni
nanoparticle catalyst as the first example of heterogeneous and noble-metal-free
catalytic system for this reaction without additional hydrogen sources
under relatively mild conditions. Various aliphatic alcohols are tolerated,
and turnover numbers were higher than those of Ru-based homogeneous
catalysts. The catalyst was recoverable and was reused. The effects
of the Ni oxidation states and the acid–base nature of support
oxides on the catalytic activity are studied. It is clarified that
the surface metallic Ni sites are the catalytically active species,
and the copresence of acidic and basic sites on the support surface
is also indispensable for this catalytic system