On Decadent Europe and the Intellectual Identity of Young Estonia: J. Randvere’s Ruth and Friedebert Tuglas’ Felix Ormusson

On Decadent Europe and the Intellectual Identity of Young Estonia: J. Randvere’s Ruth and Friedebert Tuglas’ Felix Ormusso

J. Randvere’s “Ruth” (1909) as an Example of Literary Decadence and the Quintessence of Young Estonia’s (1905–1915) Modern Ideology

This article is based on the interpretation of a segment of the reception of J. Randvere’s provocative, short essay-novella “Ruth” (1909), which was written by Johannes Aavik, a well-known Young Estonian and one of the principal modernizers of the Estonian language. This segment of reception regards “Ruth” as the quintessence of Young Estonia’s ideology, but does not offer a full explanation of how this ideology in “Ruth” is associated, on the one hand, with Young Estonians’ ambitions in modernizing Estonian literature and, on the other, with the broader fin de siècle European culture. I shall ask through which discourses does this ideology, which is innovative in the context of Estonian culture at the beginning of the 20th century, express itself in “Ruth”? What imaginations, representations and associations appear in “Ruth” in relation to the Young Estonian program, which interweaves tradition and/ or Estonian national-mindedness on the one hand, and Europeannes and/or modern ideas on the other. Or who are these Europeans and Estonians with whom Young Estonians wish to identify? Although Young Estonian ideology in “Ruth” has mostly been associated with connotations of decadence like “a culture of individuality”, “artificiality” and “aestheticism”, I will argue that in “Ruth” counter-discourses also come to the forefront. In other words, “Ruth” becomes the quintessence of the Young Estonia ideology, because it serves as a metaphoric counterpart to the Young Estonians’ program: “let us be Estonians, but let us become Europeans”. Through the reproduction of decadent discourse, which is in this text in the dominant position, “Ruth” oscillates between the ambivalent valorizations of signs of health (norms) and disease or decadence (deviation from the norms), accompanied, on the one hand, and among other things by opposition to the national discourse and, on the other hand, to the signs of decadence, that is the neutralization of the symptoms of decadence

Farmaatsiaterminoloogia eksperdikomisjoni 15 tegutsemisaastat

Eesti Arst 2014; 93(9):548–55

Üliõpilaste TEadusliku Ühingu osa üliõpilasteaduse organiseerimisel Tartu Riiklikus Ülikoolis 1948-88

The role of the Students’ Research Society in organising students’ research Toivo Hinrikus, Ain Raal UT Institute of Pharmacy   The Students’ research Society was established at Tartu University in 1948. Students’ research in pharmacy started already in the period of Czarist Russia when in 1807 the research of Jakob Ludvig Kagel’s on the composition of coal was awarded with the gold medal. Since that time, under the supervision of lectures, the students made a big number of scientific presentations and written papers for the research contests, many of which were awarded with prizes at the university, Estonian and the all-Soviet Union respective contests. In the present overview the development of students’ research at the university in the Soviet period is discussed. The development of the Students’ Research Society (SRS), the organisation’s structure, the regulations for work, the requirements for the conference and contest papers, the conferences in the pharmacy circle under the auspices of the Students’ Research Society are presented. The activities of the SRS died down in connection with the great changes in society and also at the university when Estonia became independent. All the teaching staff then and in the period immediately after that had been the members of this society. After the period of student research serious research and the active supervision of the students’ papers followed. Consequently, to counterbalance, some Soviet traditions deserving criticism the positive role of the SRS in developing young teaching and research staff should be underlined.

Structural Node Embeddings with Homomorphism Counts

Graph homomorphism counts, first explored by Lov\'asz in 1967, have recently garnered interest as a powerful tool in graph-based machine learning. Grohe (PODS 2020) proposed the theoretical foundations for using homomorphism counts in machine learning on graph level as well as node level tasks. By their very nature, these capture local structural information, which enables the creation of robust structural embeddings. While a first approach for graph level tasks has been made by Nguyen and Maehara (ICML 2020), we experimentally show the effectiveness of homomorphism count based node embeddings. Enriched with node labels, node weights, and edge weights, these offer an interpretable representation of graph data, allowing for enhanced explainability of machine learning models. We propose a theoretical framework for isomorphism-invariant homomorphism count based embeddings which lend themselves to a wide variety of downstream tasks. Our approach capitalises on the efficient computability of graph homomorphism counts for bounded treewidth graph classes, rendering it a practical solution for real-world applications. We demonstrate their expressivity through experiments on benchmark datasets. Although our results do not match the accuracy of state-of-the-art neural architectures, they are comparable to other advanced graph learning models. Remarkably, our approach demarcates itself by ensuring explainability for each individual feature. By integrating interpretable machine learning algorithms like SVMs or Random Forests, we establish a seamless, end-to-end explainable pipeline. Our study contributes to the advancement of graph-based techniques that offer both performance and interpretability

Noor-Eesti ja naised. Young Estonia and Women

In the early years of the 20th century, representatives of many areas of Estonian social life were coming to the understanding that the position of Estonian women was historically, socially, and culturally undefined, that it was hedged about by various limitations, and that the role of women in public life was getting in the way of the advancement of Estonian society. Articles with titles like ”The Woman Question” and ”Why the Estonian Woman Will not Awaken” were published frequently in the Estonian press at the beginning of the 20th century. The Young Estonians were not left out of these discussions: in Young Estonia’s publications, there were both fictional and non-fictional texts, novellas and essays focused on the position of woman in society. The 1905 revolution broadened this outlook and increased women’s real prospects for getting an education. Two girls’ high schools were established with Estonian as the language of instruction: one in 1906 in Tartu, and another in 1907 in Tallinn, with the goal of furthering the inclusion of women in public life. Schools of home economics were founded, and the first women’s associations were established. Comparisons with Finland served as a stimulus to the development of Estonian education and culture. In Estonia, the highest level of education for women was limited to a private course of study in university; thus whenever they had the opportunity, women went abroad to attend university, either to Germanspeaking parts of Europe or Finland (e.g. Hella Murrik). At the beginning of the 20th century several women writers had become known through the Estonianlanguage press or poetry anthologies, but on the whole, the development of Estonian literature lagged behind. There was only one woman actively involved in the discussions on culture of the Young Estonian renewal movement – Aino Kallas, who had received her education in Finland, and who participated in the movement from the beginning. Of the scant 10 women authors represented in the Young Estonia albums and magazines, Kallas’ writings can be found in all five of Young Estonia’s albums. The other women writers are but occasional guests. Many of the Young Estonians find their ideal woman in Finland. The realm of Young Estonians’ romantic longings is revealed not only by their fictions, but by their correspondences, especially with women. The correspondences of the Young Estonians are characterized by intellectual dialogue, in which conversation percolates around literature, language, and social thought. The article concludes with a comparison of the development of two women poets who began their career in the Young Estonia period and in its publications

Spectral Asymmetry and Higuchi’s Fractal Dimension Measures of Depression Electroencephalogram

This study was aimed to compare two electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis methods, spectral asymmetry index (SASI) and Higuchi’s fractal dimension (HFD), for detection of depression. Linear SASI method is based on evaluation of the balance of powers in two EEG frequency bands in one channel selected higher and lower than the alpha band spectrum maximum. Nonlinear HFD method calculates fractal dimension directly in the time domain. The resting EEG signals of 17 depressive patients and 17 control subjects were used as a database for calculations. SASI values were positive for depressive and negative for control group (P0.05). The results indicated that the linear EEG analysis method SASI and the nonlinear HFD method both demonstrated a good sensitivity for detection of characteristic features of depression in a single-channel EEG