Evaluasi Peran Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen untuk Meminimalkan Konflik pada Badan USAha Keluarga “K” di Tulungagung

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi peran sistem pengendalian manajemen untuk meminimalkan konflik. Penelitian ini merupakan applied research yang dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Objek penelitian dalam penelitian ini yaitu badan USAha keluarga “K” di Tulungagung. Sumber data untuk penelitian ini adalah narasumber yang terdiri dari direktur, supervisor dan karyawan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara semi structured, observasi, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil evaluasi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengendalian manajemen yang diterapkan oleh badan USAha “K” sudah berhasil meminimalkan konflik seperti substantive conflict. Namun ada beberapa bentuk pengendalian manajemen yang masih memiliki kelemahan yang berpotensi dan telah menimbulkan process conflict dan affective conflict khususnya di badan USAha “K” saat ini

Photochromism Control of Salicylideneaniline Derivatives by Acid–Base Co-Crystallization

Acid–base co-crystallization has been used to control the photochromic reactivities of salicylideneaniline derivatives in co-crystals. The series of co-crystals <i>N</i>-salicylidene-3-carboxyaniline (<b>1</b>) with 2-aminopyridine (<b>a</b>), guanylthiourea (<b>b</b>), cytosine (<b>c</b>), 4,4′-bipyridyl (<b>d</b>), piperazine anhydrous (<b>e</b>), 1,3-di-<i>o</i>-tolylguanidine (<b>f</b>), and dibenzylamine (<b>g</b>) and <i>N</i>-salicylidene-4-carboxyaniline (<b>2</b>) with 4,4′-bipyridine (<b>d</b>) and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dibenzylamine (<b>g</b>) have been synthesized. The weak photochromic compound <b>1</b> becomes nonphotochromic or strongly photochromic in the co-crystals and the nonphotochromic compound <b>2</b> becomes photochromic in the co-crystal <b>2g</b>. The photochromic properties of compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> change because of the conformational changes induced in the salicylideneaniline moieties in the crystal structure. The lifetimes of the colored species formed in the photochromic reaction are also affected by the changes in the environment around the molecule in the crystal. As shown in this study, acid–base type co-crystallization may be a promising method to control the photochromic reactivities of salicylideneaniline derivatives

Powder Structure Analysis of Vapochromic Quinolone Antibacterial Agent Crystals

Vapochromic materials, or those that show a reversible color change induced by vapor, are expected to serve as valuable sensors for volatile organic compounds or humidity. Crystals of pipemidic acid (PPA), a quinolone antibacterial agent, were found to exhibit vapochromism, as they undergo a reversible color change in the presence of acetonitrile vapor. The colorless trihydrate phase transformed into a yellow anhydrous phase upon exposure to acetonitrile vapor and returned to the trihydrate phase under high humidity. <i>Ab initio</i> structure determination from powder diffraction and solid state ¹³C NMR measurements revealed that the molecule exists in its zwitterionic form in the colorless trihydrate phase, whereas it is non-zwitterionic in the anhydrous phase because of the rearrangement of hydrogen bonds, due to dehydration in the crystal state. Theoretical calculations revealed that the color change in PPA is due to the change in the molecular electronic state upon taking the non-zwitterionic form, which generates a new highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) state, thus leading to a HOMO–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) transition with a lower energy

Solid-State Hydration/Dehydration of Erythromycin A Investigated by ab Initio Powder X‑ray Diffraction Analysis: Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Dehydrated Hydrate

The stable dihydrate crystalline phase (<b>DH</b>) of erythromycin A loses water upon heating to give the anhydrous phase I (<b>AI</b>). Further heating then results in a polymorphic transformation via the amorphous state (melt) to give another anhydrous phase II (<b>AII</b>). The anhydrous phases of <b>AI</b> and <b>AII</b> undergo hydration when increasing the humidity. The crystals of <b>AI</b> showed stoichiometric hydration to give <b>DH</b>, whereas the crystals of <b>AII</b> showed nonstoichiometric hydration to give the humidity dependent nonstoichiometric hydrate phase (<b>NSH</b>). The crystal structures of <b>AI</b> and <b>AII</b> were directly determined from powder X-ray diffraction data using the direct space strategy for the structure solution followed by Rietveld refinement. From the structural properties of <b>AI</b> and <b>AII</b>, aspects of the mechanism of the solid-state transformations of <b>DH</b> and the hydration behavior of <b>AI</b> and <b>AII</b> have been determined, and the importance of the hydrophilicity of the voids has been revealed

Multicolor Photochromism of Fulgide Mixed Crystals with Enhanced Fatigue Resistance

Two photochromic mixed fulgide single crystal systems showing multicolor photochromism and enhanced fatigue resistance were prepared with isostructural molecular pairs containing methyl-chloro and methyl-bromo groups. Parent crystals <i>p</i>-methylacetophenylisopropylidenesuccinic anhydride (<b>1E</b>), <i>p</i>-chloroacetophenylisopropylidenesuccinic anhydride (<b>2E</b>), and <i>p</i>-bromoacetophenylisopropylidenesuccinic anhydride (<b>3E</b>) showed light magenta, brownish orange, and orange colors, respectively, upon irradiation at 365 nm. Each two component mixed crystal <b>MIX-1E</b> and <b>MIX-2E</b> composed of <b>1E</b>/<b>2E</b> and <b>1E</b>/<b>3E</b> in a 0.39:0.61 and 0.88:0.12 ratio, showed four different colors upon irradiation with UV light and visible light of appropriate wavelengths. Further, it was found that colors of mixed crystals can be fine-tuned to impart different shades of colors over a range of four distinct colors shown by each, upon changing the length of the time irradiated at selected wavelengths. Such multicolored photochromic systems can be used to develop optoelectronic devices upon further improvements

Facile Synthesis of Pyrrolyl 4‑Quinolinone Alkaloid Quinolactacide by 9‑AJ-Catalyzed Tandem Acyl Transfer–Cyclization of <i>o</i>‑Alkynoylaniline Derivatives

The synthesis of pyrrolyl 4-quinolinone alkaloid, quinolactacide, and its analogues was successfully achieved using 9-azajulolidine (9-AJ)-catalyzed tandem acyl transfer–regioselective cyclization of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diacyl-<i>o</i>-alkynoylaniline derivatives. In addition, this organocatalytic reaction was successfully utilized for the synthesis of a variety of 3-acyl-4-quinolinones in moderate-to-good yields. Mechanistic studies, including a time course nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment, indicated that the 1,4-addition of 9-AJ to an ynone system can be considered to be the rate-determining step in this quinolinone synthesis

Facile Synthesis of Pyrrolyl 4‑Quinolinone Alkaloid Quinolactacide by 9‑AJ-Catalyzed Tandem Acyl Transfer–Cyclization of <i>o</i>‑Alkynoylaniline Derivatives

The synthesis of pyrrolyl 4-quinolinone alkaloid, quinolactacide, and its analogues was successfully achieved using 9-azajulolidine (9-AJ)-catalyzed tandem acyl transfer–regioselective cyclization of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diacyl-<i>o</i>-alkynoylaniline derivatives. In addition, this organocatalytic reaction was successfully utilized for the synthesis of a variety of 3-acyl-4-quinolinones in moderate-to-good yields. Mechanistic studies, including a time course nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment, indicated that the 1,4-addition of 9-AJ to an ynone system can be considered to be the rate-determining step in this quinolinone synthesis

Facile Generation and Isolation of π‑Allyl Complexes from Aliphatic Alkenes and an Electron-Deficient Rh(III) Complex: Key Intermediates of Allylic C–H Functionalization

It has been established that a strongly electrophilic η⁵-cyclopentadienylrhodium complex, [Cp^ERhCl₂]_2, is capable of reacting with aliphatic alkenes in the presence of a silver salt and cesium acetate at room temperature to give the corresponding π-allyl complexes in high yields. The use of an alkenyltosylamide as the alkene also afforded the corresponding π-allyl complex. Treatment of the thus obtained π-allyl complex with a silver­(I) salt and copper­(II) acetate afforded the allylic amination product, which proves the intermediacy of this π-allyl complex in the rhodium­(III)-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative allylic amination

Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical/Chiroptical Properties of Benzopicene-Based π‑Conjugated Molecules

The convenient synthesis of substituted benzopicenes and azabenzopicenes has been achieved by the cationic rhodium­(I)/H₈–BINAP or BINAP complex-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition under mild conditions. This method was applied to the synthesis of benzopicene-based long ladder and helical molecules. The X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed that the benzopicene-based helical molecule is highly distorted and the average distance of overlapped rings is markedly shorter than that in the triphenylene-based helical molecule. Photophysical and chiroptical properties of these benzopicene and azabenzopicene derivatives have also been examined. With respect to photophysical properties, substituted benzopicenes and azabenzopicenes showed red shifts of absorption and emission maxima compared with the corresponding triphenylenes and azatriphenylenes. With respect to chiroptical properties, the CPL spectra of the benzopicene-based helical molecule showed two opposite peaks, and thus the value of the CPL was smaller than that of the triphenylene-based helical molecule presumably due to the presence of two chiral fluorophores

Mechanism of Dehydration–Hydration Processes of Lisinopril Dihydrate Investigated by ab Initio Powder X‑ray Diffraction Analysis

Lisinopril is extensively used as an ethical anti-hypertensive drug in its dihydrate crystalline phase, where this phase undergoes dehydration to the metastable monohydrate and anhydrous phases upon being heated. The mechanistic aspects of this two-step dehydration process are successfully established from their crystal structures, determined for the first time by ab initio powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Furthermore, the hydration process of the anhydrous phase was investigated by humidity-controlled PXRD and dynamic vapor sorption. Although the dehydration process of the dihydrate phase proceeded in two steps via the metastable monohydrate phase, the hydration process from the anhydrous phase to the dihydrate phase proceeded in a single step. The mechanisms of these different pathways for the dehydration and hydration processes were also established from the crystal structures