Record breaking mushroom yields in Spain

Despite the assumption that mushroom fruiting is dependent on climate conditions, recent changes in temperature and precipitation regimes in Mediterranean-type ecosystems have opened new questions about how climate changes impact epigeous sporocarps yields. Here, we described the epigeous fungal sporocarp yield anomalies together with temperature and precipitation fluctuations that have triggered atypical fungal production peaks during the last 20 years in different forest ecosystems of Mediterranean Spain. We used the largest standardized, spatio-temporal epigeous sporocarp collection dataset available in Mediterranean-type forest ecosystems and climates. Two clear positive yield anomalies were found in 2006 and 2014, representing more than 270% and 210% increase, respectively, in comparison with timeseries mean annual fungal yields. Late-summer-early-autumn precipitation was the most influential variable triggering these extreme mushroom production peaks in comparison with temperature. This suggests that fungal fruiting is sensitive to late-summer-early-autumn precipitation pulses, producing discrete yield pulses when conditions are optimal, which are interspersed among periods of limited water resource availability and lower yields.This study was partially funded by the research project AGL2012-40035-C03 (MCI Spain), by VA206U13 (Junta-CyL) and European project StarTree-Multipurpose-trees (No-311919). JGA was supported by Juan de la Cierva-fellowship (IJCI-2014-21393), SdM by the European Union's Horizon 2020 MultiFUNGtionality Marie Skłodowska-Curie (IF-EF No-655815) and JAB benefit from Serra-Hunter Fellow provided by the Generalitat of Catalunya

Hacia la construcción del objeto de estudio de la administración: una visión desde la complejidad

This article is a reflection about the object of study of Management. It makes, in the first place, a review on the principal axes of interest of the administrative speech and analyzes its epistemological basis. Secondly, and from the postulates of the paradigm of complexity, it proposes an object of study/intervention for the management discipline and indicates some implications.El presente artículo constituye una reflexión acerca del objeto de estudio de la Administración. En primer lugar se realiza una revisión sobre los principales ejes de interés del discurso administrativo y analiza su sustento epistemológico. En segundo lugar, y a partir de los postulados del paradigma de la complejidad, formula una propuesta de objeto de estudio/intervención para la disciplina administrativa, caracterizándolo conceptualmente y planteando algunas implicaciones

La formación administrativa en Colombia: el caso de las maestrías

This work analyses of management education in the level of mastery in Colombia. It begins with a review of the laws that regulate the post degrees and his limitations; makes a conceptual approach to make clearer the mentioned distinction, establishing general elements that should bear in mind this kind of programs; it also makes an approach to the social existing demands to the management programs in Colombia. On the other hand, the article analyses the education offer in the field of management, particularly that of masters, both national and international, to understand how the education system is answering to the needs of our society. Finally, it points out some results and conclusions.El presente trabajo hace un análisis de la formación en administración en el nivel de maestría en Colombia. Parte de una revisión de la normatividad que regula los postgrados y de sus limitaciones; se realiza también una aproximación conceptual hacer de una manera más clara dicha distinción, estableciendo elementos generales que deberían tener en cuenta los programas de este tipo; se hace además una aproximación a las demandas sociales existentes en la actualidad a los programas de administración en Colombia. Por otra parte, se analiza la oferta formativa del campo, particularmente de las maestrías en Administración, tanto a nivel internacional como nacional, para comprender de qué manera el sistema educativo está respondiendo a las necesidades que tiene nuestra sociedad. Finalmente, se plantean los resultados y principales conclusiones del estudio de estos aspectos. Palabras clave: Administración, maestrías, demandas sociales, educación superior

Morphometry of Anolis tropidonotus(Peters 1863, Squamata: Dactyloidae) populations from contrasting habitats

Objective: To evaluate variations in shape and size of two populations of A. tropidonotus from two habitats with contrasting vegetation and environmental characteristics.Design/Methodology/Approach: Twenty-six A. tropidonotus specimens were collected and photographed using the TpsDig2 software. Subsequently, three type-I and eight type-II landmarks and nine semi-landmarks were placed. The landmark configuration patterns were evaluated using generalized procrustean and principal component analyses to detect microvariations in individuals of both populations.Results: The results show intra- and inter-population geometric morphometric variations in A. tropidonotus.Study Limitations/Implications: The geometric morphometric variations recorded in A. tropidonotus populations may be caused by biological barriers, clinal variations within the same habitat, competition for territory, different reproductive behaviors in part of the population, and reproductive and physical barriers that generate differentiation between and within A. tropidonotus populations.Findings/Conclusions: The morphometric traits of A. tropidonotus showed a wide diversity of shapes. Geometric morphometry was used to differentiate various ecotypes in the evaluated populations