87 research outputs found

    Estudio filogenético de los géneros de Trichopterygini de Sudamérica Austral (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): una nueva clasifi cación

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    Phylogenetic study of the genera of South American Austral Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae): a new classifi cation. In this work, we evaluate the taxonomy of the Trichopterygini in Chile based on a phylogenetic analysis of the morphological attributes. In our analysis, we used Tatosoma and Sauris as outgroups. Two approaches were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships: 1) parsimony criterion, and 2) Bayesian inference. Parsimony analysis was conducted in PAUP software, and Bayesian analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo using the BayesPhylogenies software. Our results based on the phylogenetic hypothesis suggest a new taxonomic order for Trichopterygini of the Andean Region of Southern South America. The valid genera are: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra, Tomopteryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Warrenaria Parra. The main changes with respect to the previous taxonomic order are: 1) the genus Lagynopteryx Berg is subordinated under the Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren is a junior synonym of Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta is transferred to the genus Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana is a junior synonym of L. moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa is newly combined with the genus Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis is a junior synonym of D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophoraimbricaria is newly combined with the genus Danielaparra; 8) Triptiloides fasciata is a junior synonym of T. randallae; and 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. is described. Andean Region species are more closely related to the genus Tatosoma from New Zealand, the synapomorphies that demonstrate this are: swollen metaepimeron and hypertrophy of the second abdominal segment. A checklist of the genera and species of the tribe in the region, and the fi gures of adults and genitalia of some species are included.En este trabajo se evalúa la taxonomía de los Trichopterygini de Chile a partir de un análisis fi logenético de los atributos morfológicos. En nuestro análisis, hemos utilizado Tatosoma y Sauris como grupos externos. Se utilizaron dos enfoques para evaluar las relaciones fi logenéticas: 1) criterio de parsimonia, y 2) inferencia bayesiana. El análisis de parsimonia se realizó a través del programa PAUP y el análisis bayesiano con cadenas de Markov y Monte Carlo a través del programa BayesPhylogenies. Nuestros resultados basados en la hipótesis fi logenética sugieren un nuevo orden taxonómico para Trichopterygini de la Región Andina del Sur de Sudamérica. Los géneros válidos son: Arrayanaria Parra, Butleriana Parra, Danielaparra Kemal & Kocak, Fueguina Parra, Hoplosauris Butler, Lagynopteryx Berg, Llampidken Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blanchard, Parapachrophylla Parra, Rindgenaria Parra & Santos-Salas, Tomopteryx Philippi,Triptila Warren y Warrenaria Parra. Los principales cambios con respecto al orden taxonómico anterior son: 1) el género Lagynopteryx Berg se incorpora a Trichopterygini; 2) Toxopaltes Warren es el sinónimo junior de Lagynopteryx; 3) Hoplosauris moesta se incorpora al género Llampidken; 4) Llampidken valdiviana es el sinónimo junior de L. Moesta; 5) Oparabia arenosa es incorporada al género Arrayanaria; 6) Danielaparra viridis es el sinónimo junior de D. fragmentata; 7) Lobophora imbricaria es incorporada al género Danielaparra; Triptiloides fasciata es el sinónimo junior de T. randallae; y 9) Parapachrophylla michelleae Parra n. sp. es descrita. Las especies de la Región Andina están más cerca del Tatosoma de Nueva Zelanda, las sinapomorfi as que demuestran esto son: el metaepimeron hinchado y la hipertrofia del segundo segmento abdominal. Se incluye un catálogo de los géneros y especies de la tribu en la región, y fotografías de adultos y armaduras genitales de algunas especies

    Expensive Brains: “Brainy” Rodents have Higher Metabolic Rate

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    Brains are the centers of the nervous system of animals, controlling the organ systems of the body and coordinating responses to changes in the ecological and social environment. The evolution of traits that correlate with cognitive ability, such as relative brain size is thus of broad interest. Brain mass relative to body mass (BM) varies among mammals, and diverse factors have been proposed to explain this variation. A recent study provided evidence that energetics play an important role in brain evolution (Isler and van Schaik, 2006). Using composite phylogenies and data drawn from multiple sources, these authors showed that basal metabolic rate (BMR) correlates with brain mass across mammals. However, no such relationship was found within rodents. Here we re-examined the relationship between BMR and brain mass within Rodentia using a novel species-level phylogeny. Our results are sensitive to parameter evaluation; in particular how species mass is estimated. We detect no pattern when applying an approach used by previous studies, where each species BM is represented by two different numbers, one being the individual that happened to be used for BMR estimates of that species. However, this approach may compromise the analysis. When using a single value of BM for each species, whether representing a single individual, or available species mean, our findings provide evidence that brain mass (independent of BM) and BMR are correlated. These findings are thus consistent with the hypothesis that large brains evolve when the payoff for increased brain mass is greater than the energetic cost they incur

    Evaluación sistemática del género Helcogrammoides (Blenniformes: Tripterygiidae): Pequeños peces con grandes problemas

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    La familia Tripterygiidae en las costas de Chile se encuentra representada por dos especies correspondientes al género Helcogrammoides; sin embargo, éstas fueron originalmente descritas en el género Tripterygion el cual se distribuye actualmente en el Mar Mediterráneo y en el noreste del océano Atlántico. En 1959, Rosenblatt reconoce las diferencias entre estas y las demás especies del género Tripterygion, proponiendo el género Helcogrammoides. En la actualidad la hipótesis taxonómica no ha sido evaluada en base a aproximaciones sistemáticas filogenéticas que permitan considerar la validez evolutiva de esta propuesta. A la fecha el único análisis comparativo realizado con otras especies de la familia utilizó caracteres morfológicos y sugiere que Helcogrammoides pertenecería a la tribu Karalepini junto al género monotípico Karalepis, tribu considerada como monofilética en base a las sinapomorfías morfológicas. En este trabajo se evalúa la hipótesis taxonómica de Rosenblatt y la monofilia de la tribu Karalepini mediante aproximaciones filogenéticas basadas en datos moleculares y morfológicos. Los resultados sugieren que el género Helcogrammoides es un género monofilético que difiere de Tripterygion tanto morfológica como molecularmente, respaldando la hipótesis de Rosenblatt. A su vez el análisis filogenético molecular, y de datos moleculares y morfológicos concatenados, agrupan el género Karalepis junto al género Tripterygion en un clado separado del género Helcogrammoides, refutando la monofilia de la tribu Karalepini y sugiriendo que los caracteres morfológicos que sustentaban la tribu podrían corresponder a homoplasias que oscurecen los resultados del análisis morfológico basado en el criterio de parsimonia y que explican la baja probabilidad a posteriori de este clado en el análisis Bayesiano

    Nitrogen Supply Affects Photosynthesis and Photoprotective Attributes During Drought-Induced Senescence in Quinoa

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    Drought during senescence has become more common in Mediterranean climates in recent years. Chenopodium quinoa Willd has been identified as tolerant to poor soil conditions and drought. Previous observations have found that sufficient nitrogen (N) supply mitigates yield losses under terminal drought conditions. However, there is no understanding of the mechanisms behind this effect. We hypothesized that N up-regulates both photosynthetic and photoprotective elements during drought-induced senescence, alleviating the negative impact of drought on yield. The role of N supply and terminal drought on photoprotection was tested using three Chilean quinoa genotypes from different climatic zones: Faro, UdeC9, and BO78. Plants were grown under high nitrogen (HN) or low nitrogen (LN) conditions and subjected to terminal drought at the onset of senescence. Photosynthetic and photochemical and non-photochemical processes were evaluated at both the onset of drought and after 15 days of drought conditions. N supplementation modified most of the physiological parameters related to photochemical dissipation of energy, photosynthesis, and yield in quinoa. In contrast, water restriction did not affect photosynthesis in quinoa, and its effect on yield was dependent on the genotype. A significant interaction N × G was observed in photosynthesis, relative water content, protein content, Fv/Fm, and chlorophylls. In general, Faro was able to maintain higher levels of these attributes under LN conditions than UdeC9 and BO78. In addition, the interacting effects of N × W regulated the level of most pigments in quinoa as well as the photoprotective induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during senescence. During terminal drought at LN conditions, Faro presented a larger NPQ induction under drought conditions than UdeC9 and BO78, which was supported by a larger zeaxanthin content and de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll pool. Interestingly, BO78 did not induce NPQ in response to drought-induced senescence but instead enhanced the content of betacyanins. This response needs to be researched in future works. Finally, we observed that LN supply reduced the correlationship between the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle and NPQ. This could be an indication that N supply not only compromised the capacity for photosynthetic performance in quinoa plants, but also affected the plasticity of thermal dissipation, restricting further changes during drought-induced senescence

    Assessing Evidence for a Pervasive Alteration in Tropical Tree Communities

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    In Amazonian tropical forests, recent studies have reported increases in aboveground biomass and in primary productivity, as well as shifts in plant species composition favouring fast-growing species over slow-growing ones. This pervasive alteration of mature tropical forests was attributed to global environmental change, such as an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, nutrient deposition, temperature, drought frequency, and/or irradiance. We used standardized, repeated measurements of over 2 million trees in ten large (16–52 ha each) forest plots on three continents to evaluate the generality of these findings across tropical forests. Aboveground biomass increased at seven of our ten plots, significantly so at four plots, and showed a large decrease at a single plot. Carbon accumulation pooled across sites was significant (+0.24 MgC ha−1 y−1, 95% confidence intervals [0.07, 0.39] MgC ha−1 y−1), but lower than reported previously for Amazonia. At three sites for which we had data for multiple census intervals, we found no concerted increase in biomass gain, in conflict with the increased productivity hypothesis. Over all ten plots, the fastest-growing quartile of species gained biomass (+0.33 [0.09, 0.55] % y−1) compared with the tree community as a whole (+0.15 % y−1); however, this significant trend was due to a single plot. Biomass of slow-growing species increased significantly when calculated over all plots (+0.21 [0.02, 0.37] % y−1), and in half of our plots when calculated individually. Our results do not support the hypothesis that fast-growing species are consistently increasing in dominance in tropical tree communities. Instead, they suggest that our plots may be simultaneously recovering from past disturbances and affected by changes in resource availability. More long-term studies are necessary to clarify the contribution of global change to the functioning of tropical forests
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