Rasio Seks Dan Sebaran Spasial Populasi Gajah Sumatera (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus) Di Taman Nasional Tesso Nilo, Riau

The Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is one of the largest mammal and endemic species on the island of Sumatra. It's conservation status is critically endangered. The information about sex ratio and spatial distribution is an important component to make a priority in conservation strategy. The aims of this study were to determine sex ratio and spatial distribution of Sumatran Elephant in Tesso Nilo National Park. The multiplex PCR method was used in this study to amplify fragments SRY1 and AMELY2 on the Y chromosome and fragment PLP1 on the X chromosome for sex identification in Sumatran Elephant. The analysis of spatial distribution were conducted using Arc GIS 10.1. The result indicated that sex ratio of Sumatran Elephant population in TNNP is 1:3 and the distribution of Sumatran Elephant is generally spread outside of the region TNNP

Analisis Mikrosatelit Pada Sampel Feses Gajah Sumatera (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus) Di Taman Nasional Tesso Nilo, Riau

Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is an endemic land mammal on Sumatra Island which now is on critically endangered. The population of Sumatran elephant in Riau Province spread in 9 pouches of population, one of them is population in Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP). Habitat fragmentation and land conversion in protected areas caused condition of Sumatran elephant\u27s population had deteriorated. Therefore, we need a precise conservation effort to save the population of Sumatran elephant in TNNP. These efforts require appropriate information on the number of individuals and population genetic. The aims of this study were to determine the number of individuals, variation and frequency of allele, and the level of heterozygosity of Sumatran elephant population in TNNP based on genetic information. Molecular analysis using microsatellite marker was performed on 108 non-invasive samples which were collected using CMR method. The result revealed that there were 73 individuals of Sumatran elephant in TNNP. The average number of allele variation from 13 microsatelite loci which were analized was 2.85 allele/locus with average observed heterozygosity (0.507) is higher than expected heterozygosity (0.490). Those indicates that allele frequencies found to be above of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This studyproved that there is no genetic pressure of Sumatran elephant population in TNNP

Bioprospecting of Bacterial Symbiont of Tunicate Didemnum Molle From Sambangan, Karimunjawa Islands

Coral reef is a productive ecosystem with high biodiversity in the sea and being targeted to find a useful bioactive compound. However, the serious problem in development of bioactive compounds from marine invertebrate is the supply problem, because to get a small amounts of active compounds a massive numbers of sea organisms are needed. Tunicate is an animal in coral reef ecosystem that produces many bioactive compounds with pharmacological activities, such as, antibacterial, antitumor, and anticancer compounds. It has been reported that bacterial symbionts of coral reef invertebrates may synthesize the same compounds as the host. The purposes of this research are to isolate and to identify microbes which have antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria based PCR 16S rRNA and to detect the existence of PKS and NRPS biosynthetic gene fragments from tunicate bacteria of Didemnum molle. Out of 15 bacterial isolates, one isolate showed antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp. Molecular identification result showed that TS2A5 bacterium has a homology of 99 % with Virgibacillus sp. strain GSP17 16S ribosomal RNA gene. This isolate was also capable of amplifying NRPS gene fragment

Climate Change Influenced Female Population Sizes through Time across the Indonesian Archipelago

Lying at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific world, the Indonesian archipelago hosts one of the world’s richest accumulations of cultural, linguistic, and genetic variation. While the role of human migration into and around the archipelago is now known in some detail, other aspects of Indonesia’s complex history are less understood. Here, we focus on population size changes from the first settlement of Indonesia nearly 50 kya up to the historic era. We reconstructed the past effective population sizes of Indonesian women using mitochondrial DNA sequences from 2,104 individuals in 55 village communities on four islands spanning the Indonesian archipelago (Bali, Flores, Sumba, and Timor). We found little evidence for large fluctuations in effective population size. Most communities grew slowly during the late Pleistocene, peaked 15–20 kya, and subsequently declined slowly into the Holocene. This unexpected pattern may reflect population declines caused by the flooding of lowland hunter/gatherer habitat during sea-level rises following the last glacial maximum

Patterns of Y-Chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans-New Guinea Hypothesis

The island of New Guinea received part of the first human expansion out of Africa (>40,000 years ago), but its human genetic history remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined Y-chromosome diversity in 162 samples from the Bird's Head region of northwest New Guinea (NWNG) and compared the results with previously obtained data from other parts of the island. NWNG harbors a high level of cultural and linguistic diversity and is inhabited by non-Austronesian (i.e., Papuan)-speaking groups as well as harboring most of West New Guinea's (WNG) Austronesian-speaking groups. However, 97.5% of its Y-chromosomes belong to 5 haplogroups that originated in Melanesia; hence, the Y-chromosome diversity of NWNG (and, according to available data, of New Guinea as a whole) essentially reflects a local history. The remaining 2.5% belong to 2 haplogroups (O-M119 and O-M122) of East Asian origin, which were brought to New Guinea by Austronesian-speaking migrants around 3,500 years ago. Thus, the Austronesian expansion had only a small impact on shaping Y-chromosome diversity in NWNG, although the linguistic impact of this expansion to this region was much higher. In contrast, the expansion of Trans-New Guinea (TNG) speakers (non-Austronesian) starting about 6,000-10,000 years ago from the central highlands of what is now Papua New Guinea, presumably in combination with the expansion of agriculture, played a more important role in determining the Y-chromosome diversity of New Guinea. In particular, we identified 2 haplogroups (M-P34 and K-M254) as suggestive markers for the TNG expansion, whereas 2 other haplogroups (C-M38 and K-M9) most likely reflect the earlier local Y-chromosome diversity. We propose that sex-biased differences in the social structure and cultural heritage of the people involved in the Austronesian and the TNG expansions played an important role (among other factors) in shaping the New Guinean Y-chromosome landscape

TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms rs12255372, rs7903146, rs10885406 and the association with type 2 diabetes in a population of Legian Village, Kuta, Bali.

Background: Polymorphisms in the transcription factor 7 like-2 (TCF7L2) gene have been consistently reported to be associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in various populations, in particular, the rs7903146, rs12255372, and rs10885406 polymorphism. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether these polymorphisms in the Balinese population of Legian village. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolling 286 participants (178 male, 108 female), mean age was 46.0±10.0 (range 20–83) years. PCR-RFLP conducted genotyping for rs7903146, rs12255372, and rs10885406 polymorphism, fasting and two hours after meal blood glucose were measured. Student’s t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square test were employed.  Results: The frequencies of the CC and CT genotypes of the rs7903146 polymorphism were 93.4% and 6.6%. The GG and GT genotypes of the rs12255372 polymorphism were 94.8% and 5.2%, while in the rs10885406 they were 87.1%, 12.2%, and 0.7% for the AA, AG, and GG genotypes. The TT genotypes of the rs7903146 and rs12255372 not found. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this population were 9.0%. The frequency of the CT genotype of the rs7903146 was higher in diabetes compare to the non-diabetes group (7.6% vs. 6.5%, p=0.822), while GT genotype in rs12255372 was lower (3.8% vs. 5.3%, p=0.737). The AG genotype of the rs10885406 also lower in diabetes group (7.6% vs. 12.6%, p=0.679). In the CT genotype of rs7903146, the two hours after meal blood glucose were significantly higher (141.15 ± 125.06 vs. 107.50 ± 46.94, p=0.012). Interestingly, although not statistically significant, individuals with the GG genotype showed the lowest blood glucose. Conclusion: Rs7903146, rs12255372, and rs10885406 polymorphisms in the TCF7L2 genes did not show association with type 2 diabetes in the Balinese population of Legian Village. However, two hours after meal blood glucose level was found to be significantly higher in the CT genotype of the rs7903146.</p

Genetic continuity across a deeply divergent linguistic contact zone in North Maluku, Indonesia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The islands of North Maluku, Indonesia occupy a central position in the major prehistoric dispersal streams that shaped the peoples of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Within this region a linguistic contact zone exists where speakers of Papuan and Austronesian languages reside in close proximity. Here we use population genetic data to assess the extent to which North Maluku populations experienced admixture of Asian genetic material, and whether linguistic boundaries reflect genetic differentiation today.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Autosomal and X-linked markers reveal overall Asian admixture of 67% in North Maluku, demonstrating a substantial contribution of genetic material into the region from Asia. We observe no evidence of population structure associated with ethnicity or language affiliation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data support a model of widespread Asian admixture in North Maluku, likely mediated by the expansion of Austronesian-speaking peoples into the region during the mid Holocene. In North Maluku there is no genetic differentiation in terms of Austronesian- versus Papuan-speakers, suggesting extensive gene flow across linguistic boundaries. In a regional context, our results illuminate a major genetic divide at the Molucca Sea, between the islands of Sulawesi and North Maluku. West of this divide, populations exhibit predominantly Asian ancestry, with very little contribution of Papuan genetic material. East of the Molucca Sea, populations show diminished rates of Asian admixture and substantial persistence of Papuan genetic diversity.</p

A Polynesian Motif on the Y Chromosome: Population Structure in Remote Oceania

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol79/iss5/5/.The Polynesian motif, a mitochondrial DNA marker of ancestral Polynesian communities, has filled a critical role in reconstructions of remote Oceanic history. Although the motif provides an effective narrative for Polynesian females, no equivalent male history is available from paternal lineages. Here, we describe a Y-chromosome binary polymorphism with absolute Polynesian affinity. We illustrate its unique spatial and temporal connections to early Polynesian communities, and through an analysis of associated short tandem repeat variation, we describe the first clear genealogic structure within Polynesia. Unlike the eastern and western regions advocated by archeology, we identify a tripartite structure comprising interaction spheres in the west (Tonga and Samoa), center (Tahiti), and east (Rapanui/Easter Island). Such patterning, a product of early regional contact and subsequent isolation, signals the conflicting roles of mobility and seclusion in Polynesian prehistory

Sex-linked genetic diversity originates from persistent sociocultural processes at microgeographic scales.

Population genetics has been successful at identifying the relationships between human groups and their interconnected histories. However, the link between genetic demography inferred at large scales and the individual human behaviours that ultimately generate that demography is not always clear. While anthropological and historical context are routinely presented as adjuncts in population genetic studies to help describe the past, determining how underlying patterns of human sociocultural behaviour impact genetics still remains challenging. Here, we analyse patterns of genetic variation in village-scale samples from two islands in eastern Indonesia, patrilocal Sumba and a matrilocal region of Timor. Adopting a 'process modelling' approach, we iteratively explore combinations of structurally different models as a thinking tool. We find interconnected socio-genetic interactions involving sex-biased migration, lineage-focused founder effects, and on Sumba, heritable social dominance. Strikingly, founder ideology, a cultural model derived from anthropological and archaeological studies at larger regional scales, has both its origins and impact at the scale of villages. Process modelling lets us explore these complex interactions, first by circumventing the complexity of formal inference when studying large datasets with many interacting parts, and then by explicitly testing complex anthropological hypotheses about sociocultural behaviour from a more familiar population genetic standpoint